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Snowmelt Modelling Approaches in Watershed Models: Computation and Comparison of Efficiencies under Varying Climatic Conditions

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Abstract

Most of the watershed models contain snowmelt-computing options but there are modelling difficulties in snow-covered watersheds either due to paucity of data or in addressing snowmelt computation weakly. The temperature index (TI) and/or energy balance (EB algorithms of HEC-1, NWSRFS, PRMS, SHE, SRM, SSARR, SWAT, TANK, and UBC models have been investigated. The performance has been evaluated at the point (station specific) snowmelt computation with and without snowpack accounting. The computations have been performed for Solang station at 2 485 m altitude located in the western Himalayas. Springtime weekly snow and meteorological data of 1 983, 2003, and 2008 have been used. Data year 2008 has been used for weekly simulation with the observed snowpack ablation. The probability of success in simulating the snowmelt using TI/EB of all the models in average is 0.77. Nash-Sutcliffe (NS) efficiency coefficients for simulation with snowpack accounting are found to vary between 0.84 and 0.97. Although NS coefficients for verification year 2003 are satisfactory (0.5 to 0.88) but snowmelt prediction/verification efficiency at an interval of 25 years (1983) is below average. However, verification on probability criteria for data year 1983 in the case of TI/EB is 0.63/0.48. Results from EB approach show wind dependent fluctuations. Uncertainty arises due to inter-decadal variability of the snowpack/snowmelt. The approach applied in this paper is valuable in order to have a quick evaluation of snowmelt algorithm before integrating it with any operational watershed model.

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Acknowledgments

Authors acknowledge Mr. RD Singh, Director, National Institute of Hydrology Roorkee and Mr. A. Ganju, Director, Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment, Chandigarh for their support and study data.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon, Haryana, India; Formerly Research Scholar at IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110 016, India

    Anand Verdhen

  2. Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110 016, India

    Bhagu R. Chahar

  3. Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110 016, India

    Om P. Sharma

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  1. Anand Verdhen
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Correspondence to Anand Verdhen.

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Verdhen, A., Chahar, B.R. & Sharma, O.P. Snowmelt Modelling Approaches in Watershed Models: Computation and Comparison of Efficiencies under Varying Climatic Conditions. Water Resour Manage 28, 3439–3453 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-014-0662-7

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