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Civil Society Opposition to Nonferrous Metals Mining in Guatemala

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Abstract

Drawing on a range of fieldwork interviews, this paper discusses the opposition of civil society to nonferrous metals mining in Guatemala. Guatemala’s mineral resources, and government efforts to encourage their extraction, are discussed, as is the emergent civil society of that nation. Guatemalan civil society has opposed mining due to the impacts of its environmental effects upon the poor engaged in subsistence agriculture. This opposition has involved protests, community consultations against mining, and networking with the forces of global civil society. The paper concludes with a discussion of how this opposition to mining is a manifestation of the opposition to neoliberalism currently underway in Latin America.

Résumé

En tenant compte d’une série d’interviews de travail de terrain, cet article traite de l’opposition de la société civile à l’encontre de l’extraction de métaux non ferreux au Guatemala. Les ressources minières du Guatemala, et les efforts du gouvernement pour encourager leur extraction, sont considérées comme la société civile émergente de la nation. La société civile des Guatemaltais s’est enfin opposée à l’extraction minière en raison des impacts sur les effets environnementaux et l’engagement de très faible envergure de son agriculture de subsistance. Cette opposition a impliqué des manifestations, des consultations de communautés contre l’extraction minière, et le réseau des forces de la société civile globale. Cet article conclut sur une discussion consistant à savoir comment cette opposition de l’extraction minière est une manifestation de l’opposition au néolibéralisme ayant cours en Amérique Latine.

Zusammenfassung

Gestützt auf eine Reihe vor Ort geführter Interviews behandelt dieser Artikel den Widerstand der Zivilgesellschaft gegen die Förderung von Nichteisenmetallen in Guatemala. Guatemalas Bodenschätze, die Anstrengungen der Regierung, deren Ausbeutung zu fördern, und die aufstrebende Zivilgesellschaft in diesem Land werden diskutiert. Die guatemalische Zivilgesellschaft lehnt die Förderung wegen ihrer Wirkung auf die Umwelt der Armen, deren Lebensgrundlage die Landwirtschaft ist, ab. Dieser Widerstand beinhaltet Proteste, Beratungen der Gemeinden gegen die Förderung und Networking mit zivilgesellschaflichen Kräften in aller Welt. Dieser Artikel endet mit einer Erörterung, wie dieser Widerstand gegen die Förderung eine Erscheinungsform des Widerstandes gegen den Neoliberalismus, der gegenwärtig in Lateinamerika auflebt, darstellt.

Resumen

Basándose en una serie de entrevistas sobre el terreno, este trabajo analiza la oposición de la sociedad civil a la extracción minera de metales no ferrosos en Guatemala. Se analizan los recursos mineros de Guatemala y los esfuerzos gubernamentales por fomentar su extracción, al igual que la emergente sociedad civil de ese país. La sociedad civil guatemalteca está en contra de la minería por el impacto medioambiental que tendría sobre los más desfavorecidos que dependen de la agricultura de subsistencia. Esta oposición ha dado origen a protestas, negociaciones comunitarias contra la minería y la formación de una red de fuerzas de la sociedad civil global. El trabajo concluye preguntándose si esta oposición a la minería manifiesta un rechazo al neoliberalismo que existe en estos momentos en América Latina.

摘要

本文在大量的现场访谈的基础之上,论述了危地马拉民间社会反对开采有色金属的情况。本文还讨论了危地马拉的矿产资源、政府鼓励开采这些资源所作出的努力、以及危地马拉新兴的民间社会。危地马拉民间社会之所以反对开采这些矿产资源是因为它造成的环境影响会给从事自给性农业的贫困人群带来冲击。反对的形式包括抗议、反开采社区磋商以及联系全球民间社会的各种力量。本文结语对为何说反对开采是反对拉丁美洲目前流行的新自由主义的一种表现做了讨论。

ملخص

بالاعتماد على مدى المقابلات الميدانيه ، يناقش هذا البحث معارضة المجتمع المدني لإستخراج المعادن غير الحديدية

في جواتيمالا. تم مناقشة الموارد المعدنية لجواتيمالا ، و الجهود التي تبذلها الحكومة لتشجيع إستخراجها ، كما هومنبثق من المجتمع المدني لهذه الامة. لقد عارض المجتمع المدني في جواتيمالا إستخراج المعادن نظراً لتأثير أثاره البيئية على الفقراء الذين يشاركون في زراعة الكفاف. هذه المعارضة تتضمن إحتجاجات ، المشاورات المجتمعية ضد إستخراج المعادن ، و الروابط مع قوى المجتمع المدني العالمي. و يختتم هذا البحث مع مناقشة كيف أن هذه المعارضة لإستخراج المعادن تعتبر مظهر من مظاهر المعارضة الليبراليه الإقتصادية التي بدأت حاليا في أمريكا اللاتينيية.

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Notes

  1. Panama (56.1), Guatemala (55.1), Honduras (53.8), El Salvador (52.4), Costa Rica (49.8), Mexico (46.1), Nicaragua (43.1).

  2. The Guerrilla Army of the Poor (Ejercito Guerrillero de los Pobres), the Rebel Army Forces (Fuerzas Armadas Rebeldes), the Revolutionary Organization of the People in Arms (Organizacion Revolucionaria del Pueblo en Armas), and the Guatemalan Workers Party (Partido Guatemalteco de Trabajo).

  3. Montana Exploradora de Guatemala (MEG) operates the Marlin Mine. MEG was a wholly owned subsidiary of Glamis Gold Ltd. On 6 November 2006, Goldcorp Inc. acquired Glamis Gold Ltd., and Goldcorp Inc., now owns MEG (Montana Exploradora de Guatemala 2007).

  4. In a 2003 United States Securities and Exchange Commission Annual Information Form, Glamis Gold stated that 80% of the mineralization at the Marlin Mine consists of sulphide ore deposits (Moran 2004). This form is available at http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/782819/000094523403000171/o09429aexv1.htm

  5. The issue of bribes being paid by mining companies while operating in foreign countries is an issue of particular concern with respect to Canadian mining companies as Canada lacks legislation akin to the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 15 U.S·C. 78, which makes it a United States federal offence for an American corporation to pay bribes to government officials in foreign countries.

  6. Honduras (2.5), Nicaragua (2.6), Guatemala (2.8), Belize (3.0), Panama (3.2), Mexico (3.5), El Salvador (4.0), Costa Rica (5.0).

  7. Costa Rica (1), Belize (2), Panama (2), El Salvador (3), Honduras (3), Mexico (3), Nicaragua (3), Guatemala (4).

  8. The name “Kaibil” is derived from Kaibil Balam, a Mam-Mayan leader who evaded capture by the Spanish conquistadors under Pedro de Alvarado.

  9. For a list of the countries and companies participating in the Voluntary Principles on Security and Human Rights, consult http://www.voluntaryprinciples.org/participants/index.php

  10. For more see http://geo.international.gc.ca/cip-pic/current_discussions/csr-roundtables-en.aspx

  11. For a discussion of the extraterritorial application of American laws, specifically The Alien Tort Statute 28 USC 1350, see Ingelson et al. (2006).

  12. On its website, the World Bank stated that the Marlin Mine “has been a good corporate citizen” http://go.worldbank.org/QI1EL8VSF0

  13. This is an approach widely used in the United States where reclamation bonds serve as “a kind of environmental insurance policy” (Dobb 2002, p. 322). At the proposed Rock Creek Mine, in northwestern Montana, for example, the reclamation bond was set at $77 million (Selden 2002).

  14. In 2006 Goldcorp paid US$1,298,762 in royalties while Skye estimates it will pay US$57,000,000 a year in royalties over the expected 30-year life of the Fenix project (Montana Exploradora de Guatemala 2007; Paley 2007).

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the generous assistance of the Latin American Research Center at the University of Calgary for its assistance in facilitating the research upon which this paper was based.

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  1. Department of Geography/Program of Environmental Science, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N-1N4

    William N. Holden

  2. Department of Geography, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada

    R. Daniel Jacobson

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Correspondence to William N. Holden.

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Holden, W.N., Jacobson, R.D. Civil Society Opposition to Nonferrous Metals Mining in Guatemala. Voluntas 19, 325–350 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-008-9073-9

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