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GRBs and Fundamental Physics

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Abstract

Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are short and intense flashes at the cosmological distances, which are the most luminous explosions in the Universe. The high luminosities of GRBs make them detectable out to the edge of the visible universe. So, they are unique tools to probe the properties of high-redshift universe: including the cosmic expansion and dark energy, star formation rate, the reionization epoch and the metal evolution of the Universe. First, they can be used to constrain the history of cosmic acceleration and the evolution of dark energy in a redshift range hardly achievable by other cosmological probes. Second, long GRBs are believed to be formed by collapse of massive stars. So they can be used to derive the high-redshift star formation rate, which can not be probed by current observations. Moreover, the use of GRBs as cosmological tools could unveil the reionization history and metal evolution of the Universe, the intergalactic medium (IGM) properties and the nature of first stars in the early universe. But beyond that, the GRB high-energy photons can be applied to constrain Lorentz invariance violation (LIV) and to test Einstein’s Equivalence Principle (EEP). In this paper, we review the progress on the GRB cosmology and fundamental physics probed by GRBs.

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Notes

  1. Since the energies of photons arrived at the trigger time (\(\sim100~\mbox{keV}\)) are several orders of magnitude lower than those of high energy photons (\(\sim\mbox{GeV}\)), \(E_{\mathrm{h}}^{n}-E_{\mathrm{l}}^{n}\) in Eq. (31) can be approximated as \(E_{\mathrm{h}}^{n}\).

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Acknowledgements

This work is supported by the National Basic Research Program (“973” Program) of China (grants 2014CB845800 and 2013CB83490), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grants 11422325, 11373022, 11033002, 11322328, and 11433009), the Excellent Youth Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20140016), and the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (grant No. NCET-13-0279). X.F. Wu was also partially supported by the One-Hundred-Talent Program, the Youth Innovation Promotion Association (2011231), and the Strategic Priority Research Program “The Emergence of Cosmological Structure” (grant No. XDB09000000) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

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  1. Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014, Paris, France

    Patrick Petitjean

  2. School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China

    F. Y. Wang

  3. Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics, Nanjing University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210093, China

    F. Y. Wang

  4. Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China

    X. F. Wu & J. J. Wei

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  1. Patrick Petitjean
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Correspondence to F. Y. Wang.

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Petitjean, P., Wang, F.Y., Wu, X.F. et al. GRBs and Fundamental Physics. Space Sci Rev 202, 195–234 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-016-0235-6

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