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In situ ultrasonic measurements: a powerful tool to control the synthesis of zeolites from coal fly ash

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Abstract

An in situ ultrasonic diagnostic technique was applied to monitoring the hydrothermal synthesis of zeolite A and X of clear solution extracted from alkaline fused class F coal fly ash. In this context, kinetic evaluations based on in situ ultrasonic diagnostic data displayed an important approach to study the synthesis process. The impact on nucleation and crystal growth was demonstrated by variation of a few relevant parameters such as reaction temperature, amount of water, Na2O and ageing time, including templated colloidal synthesis mixtures as model solution. To complement the kinetic analysis, ex situ techniques such as ICP, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering were used to investigate liquid phase and reaction products extracted from the reaction mixture during the synthesis.

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Acknowledgments

This work was conducted at the University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany, concerning some parts as a supplement to the PhD thesis of N. Musyoka. The author would like to thank Prof. W. Schwieger for providing the ultrasonic device and DAAD and the German Research Foundation (DFG) for funding. Thanks are also addressed to H. Baser to reflect parts of the results of his PhD thesis. We are also grateful to R. Müller for ICP analysis an gradually acknowledge L. Petrik from the University of the Western Cape, South Africa, for providing the coal fly ash from Eskom used in this study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Consulting Environmental Catalysis, P.O. Box 1848, 91008, Erlangen, Germany

    Erich Hums

  2. Institute of Chemical Reaction Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany

    Hasan Baser & Wilhelm Schwieger

Authors
  1. Erich Hums
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  2. Hasan Baser
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  3. Wilhelm Schwieger
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Correspondence to Erich Hums.

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11164_2016_2550_MOESM1_ESM.doc

Fig. 1: XRD patterns of zeolite A obatined at 80, 90 and 94 °C after 360 min using unaged clear solution of fused fly ash., Figure 2: REM image of zeolite A with typical cubic morphology synthesized from templated synthesis mixture exemplarily demonstrated at 95 °C (molar ratio 0.4 Na2O:10 SiO2:1.6 Al2O3:16 (TMA)2O:650 H2O)., Figure 3: XRD patterns of commercial zeolite X and of the synthesized products obtained from clear solution subjected to hydrothermal crystallization after 1 min at 80 °C, after 600 min at 90 °C and after 500 min at 94 °C (slight impurities: S = Sodalite, P = zeolite P) (DOC 322 kb)

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Hums, E., Baser, H. & Schwieger, W. In situ ultrasonic measurements: a powerful tool to control the synthesis of zeolites from coal fly ash. Res Chem Intermed 42, 7513–7532 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11164-016-2550-7

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