Abstract
Plastic life-history strategies in diadromous fishes have long been acknowledged but have often been viewed as anomalies. Until recently, techniques were lacking to investigate the prevalence and variety of life-history strategies. However, recent technical advances, such as otolith trace element and stable isotope analyses, have provided insights into the life-histories of migratory fish, often revealing considerable plasticity. Reviews of anadromy and catadromy examined the extent of plasticity in these life-histories; however amphidromy has not been reviewed. Amphidromy, the most widespread diadromous life-history (273 + sp.), consists of two types: freshwater amphidromy, where fish rear in the ocean as larvae and return to freshwater as juveniles for growth and reproduction, and marine amphidromy, where fish utilize the marine environment for larval growth, enter freshwater for a short time, and return to the marine environment for further growth and spawning. In this review, a detailed taxonomic examination of plasticity in amphidromous fishes is utilized to determine its prevalence and ecological role. Our results indicate plasticity, as evidenced by variable use of fresh or marine environments for key life-history stages, is present on both evolutionary and ecological scales in most families of amphidromous fishes. Such variability indicates amphidromy is not necessarily a diadromous migration, but is better viewed as a spatially extensive benthic-pelagic migration. Further, adult downstream migration by amphidromous fishes parallels catadromy, suggesting a life-history continuum linking fluvial, amphidromous, catadromous, and oceanadromous life-histories. The role of egg-size/fecundity tradeoffs, migration, salinity, and landscape are discussed in the context of benthic-pelagic centered life-histories.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alerstam T, Hedenstrom A, Akesson S (2003) Long-distance migration: evolution and determinants. Oikos 103:247–260
Baker CF, Hicks BJ (2003) Attraction of migratory inanga (Galaxias maculatus) and koaro (Galaxias brevipinnis) juveniles to adult galaxiid odours. N Z J Mar Freshw Res 37:291–299
Barriga JP, Battini MA, Cussac VE (2007) Annual dynamics variation of a landlocked Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns 1842) population in a Northern Patagonian river: occurrence of juvenile upstream migration. J Appl Ichthyol 23:128–135
Brehmer P, Guillard J, Pinzon PIC, Bach P (2011) Exploratory and instantaneous swimming speeds of amphidromous fish school in shallow-water coastal lagoon channels. Estuar Coast 34:739–744
Chapman A, Morgan DL, Gill HS (2009) Description of the larval development of Galaxias maculatus in landlocked lentic and lotic systems in Western Australia. N Z J Mar Freshw Res 43:563–569
Chapman BB, Hulthen K, Brodersen J, Nilsson PA, Skov C, Hansson LA et al (2012a) Partial migration in fishes: causes and consequences. J Fish Biol 81:456–478
Chapman BB, Skov C, Hulthen K, Brodersen J, Nilsson PA, Hansson LA et al (2012b) Partial migration in fishes: definitions, methodologies and taxonomic distribution. J Fish Biol 81:479–499
Close PG, Ryan TJ, Morgan DL, Beatty SJ, Lawrence CS (2014) First record of ‘climbing’ and ‘jumping’ by juvenile Galaxias truttaceus Valenciennes, 1846 (Galaxiidae) from south-western Australia. Aust J Zool 62:175–179
Closs GP, Warburton M (2016) Amphidromy. In: Morais P, Daverat F (eds) An introduction to fish migration. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Closs GP, Smith M, Barry B, Markwitz A (2003) Non-diadromous recruitment in coastal populations of common bully (Gobiomorphus cotidianus). N Z J Mar Freshw Res 37:301–313
Closs GP, Hicks AS, Jellyman PG (2013) Life histories of closely related amphidromous and non-migratory fish species: a trade-off between egg size and fecundity. Freshw Biol 58:1162–1177
Crook DA, Macdonald JI, O’Connor JP, Barry B (2006) Use of otolith chemistry to examine patterns of diadromy in the threatened Australian grayling Prototroctes maraena. J Fish Biol 69:1330–1344
Crook DA, Macdonald JI, Raadik TA (2008) Evidence of diadromous movements in a coastal population of southern smelts (Retropinninae: Retropinna) from Victoria, Australia. Mar Freshw Res 59:638–646
Daverat F, Limburg KE, Thibault I, Shiao JC, Dodson JJ, Caron FO, Tzeng WN, Lizuka Y, Wickstrom H (2006) Phenotypic plasticity of habitat use by three temperate eel species, Anguilla anguilla, A. japonica and A. rostrata. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 308:231–241
David B, Chadderton WL, Closs GP, Barry B, Markwitz A (2004) Evidence of flexible recruitment strategies in coastal populations of giant kokopu (Galaxias argenteus). Dep Conserv Sci Intern Ser 160
Dennenmoser S, Rogers SM, Vamosi SM (2014) Genetic population structure in prickly sculpin (Cottus asper) reflects isolation-by-environment between two life-history ecotypes. Biol J Linn Soc 113:943–957
Dingle H, Drake VA (2007) What is migration? Bioscience 57:113–121
Dodson JJ, Aubin-Horth N, Theriault V, Paez DJ (2013) The evolutionary ecology of alternative migratory tactics in salmonid fishes. Biol Rev 88:602–625
Ellien C, Valade P, Bosmans J, Taillebois L, Teichert N, Keith P (2011) Influence of salinity on larval development of Sicyopterus lagocephalus (Pallas, 1770) (Gobioidei). Cybium 35:381–390
Eschmeyer WN (2015) Catalog of fishes: genera, species, references. Electronic version. http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp
Feutry P, Keith P, Pecheyran C, Claverie F, Robinet T (2011) Evidence of diadromy in the French Polynesian Kuhlia malo (Teleostei: Percoidei) inferred from otolith microchemistry analysis. Ecol Freshw Fish 20:636–645
Feutry P, Tabouret H, Maeda K, Pecheyran C, Keith P (2012) Diadromous life cycle and behavioural plasticity in freshwater and estuarine Kuhliidae species (Teleostei) revealed by otolith microchemistry. Aquat Biol 15:195–204
Feutry P, Castelin M, Ovenden JR, Dettai A, Robinet T, Cruaud C et al (2013) Evolution of diadromy in fish: insights from a tropical genus (Kuhlia species). Am Nat 181:52–63
Fitzsimons JM, Parham JE, Nishimoto RT (2002) Similarities in behavioral ecology among amphidromous and catadromous fishes on the oceanic islands of Hawai’i and Guam. Environ Biol Fish 65:123–129
Froese R, Pauly D (2015) FishBase, vol 2014, 11/2014 edn. World Wide Web electronic publication. www.fishbase.org
Goto A (1986) Movement and population-size of the river sculpin Cottus hangiongensis in the Daitobetsu River of Southern Hokkaido. Jpn J Ichthyol 32:421–430
Goto A, Arai T (2003) Migratory histories of three types of Cottus pollux (small-egg, middle-egg, and large-egg types) as revealed by otolith microchemistry. Ichthyol Res 50:67–72
Goto A, Arai T (2006) Diverse migratory histories of Japanese Trachidermus and Cottus species (Cottidae) as inferred from otolith microchemistry. J Fish Biol 68:1731–1741
Goto A, Yokoyama R, Yamada M (2002) A fluvial population of Cottus pollux (middle-egg type) from the Honmyo River, Kyushu Island, Japan. Ichthyol Res 49:318–323
Goto A, Yokoyama R, Sideleva VG (2015) Evolutionary diversification in freshwater sculpins (Cottoidea): a review of two major adaptive radiations. Environ Biol Fish 98:307–335
Guelinckx J, Maes J, De Brabandere L, Dehairs F, Ollevier F (2006) Migration dynamics of clupeoids in the Schelde estuary: a stable isotope approach. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 66:612–623
Hammer MP, Adams M, Unmack PJ, Walker KF (2007) A rethink on Retropinna: conservation implications of new taxa and significant genetic sub-structure in Australian smelts (Pisces: Retropinnidae). Mar Freshw Res 58(4):327–341
Hicks AS (2012) Facultative amphidromy in galaxiids and bullies: the science, ecology, and managment implications. Ph.D., University of Otago
Hicks AS, Barbee NC, Swearer SE, Downes BJ (2010a) Estuarine geomorphology and low salinity requirement for fertilisation influence spawning site location in the diadromous fish, Galaxias maculatus. Mar Freshw Res 61:1252–1258
Hicks AS, Closs GP, Swearer SE (2010b) Otolith microchemistry of two amphidromous galaxiids across an experimental salinity gradient: a multi-element approach for tracking diadromous migrations. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 394:86–97
Hogan JD, Blum MJ, Gilliam JF, Bickford N, McIntyre PB (2014) Consequences of alternative dispersal strategies in a putatively amphidromous fish. Ecology 95:2397–2408
Huey JA, Crook DA, Macdonald JI, Schmidt DJ, Marshall JC, Balcombe SR et al (2014) Is variable connectivity among populations of a continental gobiid fish driven by local adaptation or passive dispersal? Freshw Biol 59:1672–1686
Hughes JM, Schmidt DJ, Macdonald JI, Huey JA, Crook DA (2014) Low interbasin connectivity in a facultatively diadromous fish: evidence from genetics and otolith chemistry. Mol Ecol 23:1000–1013
Humphries P, Lake PS (2000) Fish larvae and the management of regulated rivers. Regul River 16:421–432
Iguchi K, Mizuno N (1999) Early starvation limits survival in amphidromous fishes. J Fish Biol 54:705–712
Iida M, Watanabe S, Yamada Y, Lord C, Keith P, Tsukamoto K (2010) Survival and behavioral characteristics of amphidromous goby larvae of Sicyopterus japonicus (Tanaka, 1909) during their downstream migration. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 383:17–22
Jarvis MG, Closs GP (2015) Larval drift of amphidromous Gobiomorphus spp. in a New Zealand coastal stream: a critical spatial and temporal window for protection. N Z J Mar Freshw Res 49:439–447
Jellyman DJ, Sagar PM, Glova GJ, Sykes JRE (2000) Age, growth, and movements of giant bullies (Gobiomorphus gobioides) in the Kakanui River estuary, South Island, New Zealand. N Z J Mar Freshw Res 34:523–530
Jonsson B, Jonsson N (1993) Partial migration-niche shift versus sexual-maturation in fishes. Rev Fish Biol Fisheries 3:348–365
Joy MK, Death RG (2004) Predictive modelling and spatial mapping of freshwater fish and decapod assemblages using GIS and neural networks. Freshw Biol 49:1036–1052
Kano Y, Iida M, Tetsuka K, Saitoh T, Kato F, Sato T et al (2014) Effect of waterfalls on fluvial fish distribution and landlocked Rhinogobius brunneus populations on Yakushima Island, Japan. Ichthyol Res 61:305–316
Kawakami T, Tachihara K (2011) Dispersal of land-locked larval Ryukyu-ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis ryukyuensis, in the Fukuji Reservoir, Okinawa Island. Cybium 35:337–343
Kawanabi H, Mizuno N, Hosoya K (2001) Freshwater fishes of Japan. Yamatokeikokusha Press, Tokyo
Keith P (2003) Biology and ecology of amphidromous Gobiidae of the Indo-Pacific and the Caribbean regions. J Fish Biol 63:831–847
Keith P, Lord C (2011) Tropical freshwater gobies: amphidromy as a life cycle. In: Patzner RA, Van Tassell JL, Kovacic M, Kapoor BG (eds) The biology of gobies. Science Publishers Inc., New Hampshire, pp 243–277
Keith P, Marquet G (2006) Stenogobius (Insularigobius) keletaona, a new species of freshwater goby from Futuna island (Teleostei: Gobiidae). Cybium 30:139–143
Keith P, Marquet G, Taillebois L (2011) Discovery of the freshwater genus Sicyopus (Teleostei: Gobioidei: Sicydiinae) in Madagascar, with a description of a new species and comments on regional dispersal. J Nat Hist 45:2725–2746
Keith P, Hadiaty R, Hubert N, Busson F, Lord C (2014a) Three new species of Lentipes from Indonesia (Gobiidae). Cybium 38:133–146
Keith P, Hadiaty R, Busson F, Hubert N (2014b) A new species of Sicyopus (Gobiidae) from Java and Bali. Cybium 38:173–178
Kido MH, Heacock DE (1992) The spawning ecology of ‘o‘opu nakea (Awaous stamineus) in Wainiha River and other selected north shore Kaua‘i rivers. In: Devick WS (ed) Proceedings of the new directions in research, management, and conservation of hawaiian freshwater stream ecosystems, pp 142–157
King AJ, Humphries P, McCasker NG (2013) Reproduction and early life history. In: Humphries P, Walker K (eds) Ecology of Australian freshwater fishes. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood
Kondo M, Maeda K, Hirashima K, Tachihara K (2013) Comparative larval development of three amphidromous Rhinogobius species, making reference to their habitat preferences and migration biology. Mar Freshw Res 64:249–266
Koster WM, Dawson DR, Crook DA (2013) Downstream spawning migration by the amphidromous Australian grayling (Prototroctes maraena) in a coastal river in south-eastern Australia. Mar Freshw Res 64:31–41
Lack D (1968) Bird migration and natural selection. Oikos 19:1–9
Larson HK (2010) A review of the gobiid fish genus Redigobius (Teleostei: Gobionellinae), with descriptions of two new species. Ichthyol Explor Fres 21:123–191
Levin LA (2006) Recent progress in understanding larval dispersal: new directions and digressions. Integr Comp Biol 46:282–297
Lindstrom DP, Blum MJ, Walter RP, Gagne RB, Gilliam JF (2012) Molecular and Morphological Evidence of Distinct Evolutionary Lineages of Awaous guamensis in Hawai’i and Guam. Copeia 2012:293–300
Ling N, Gleeson DM, Willis KJ, Binzegger SU (2001) Creating and destroying species: the ‘new’ biodiversity and evolutionarily significant units among New Zealand’s galaxiid fishes. J Fish Biol 59:209–222
Lord C, Tabouret H, Claverie F, Pecheyran C, Keith P (2011) Femtosecond laser ablation ICP-MS measurement of otolith Sr: Ca and Ba: Ca composition reveal differential use of freshwater habitats for three amphidromous Sicyopterus (Teleostei: Gobioidei: Sicydiinae) species. J Fish Biol 79:1304–1321
McAllister DE, Lindsey CC (1961) Systematics of the freshwater sculpins (Cottus) of British Columbia. Bull Natl Mus Can Contrib Zool 172:66–89
McCullough DE, Roseman EF, Keeler KM, Debruyne RL, Pritt JJ, Thompson PA et al (2015) Evidence of the St. Clair-Detroit River System as a dispersal corridor and nursery habitat for transient larval burbot. Hydrobiologia 757:21–34
McDowall RM (1971) Fishes of family Aplochitonidae. J R Soc N Z 1:31–52
McDowall RM (1988) Diadromy in fishes: migration between freshwater and marine environments. Croom Helm, London
McDowall RM (1990) New Zealand freshwater fishes: a natural history and guide. Heinemann Reed, Auckland
McDowall RM (1992) Diadromy—origins and definitions of terminology. Copeia 1992:248–251
McDowall RM (1997) The evolution of diadromy in fishes (revisited) and its place in phylogenetic analysis. Rev Fish Biol Fisheries 7:443–462
McDowall RM (2000) Biogeography of the New Zealand torrentfish, Cheimarrichthys fosteri (Teleostei: Pinguipedidae): a distribution driven mostly by ecology and behaviour. Environ Biol Fish 58:119–131
McDowall RM (2007) On amphidromy, a distinct form of diadromy in aquatic organisms. Fish Fish 8:1–13
McDowall RM (2009) Early hatch: a strategy for safe downstream larval transport in amphidromous gobies. Rev Fish Biol Fisheries 19:1–8
McDowall RM (2010) Why be amphidromous: expatrial dispersal and the place of source and sink population dynamics? Rev Fish Biol Fisheries 20:87–100
McDowall RM, Allibone RM, Chadderton WL (2005) Falkland islands freshwater fishes: a natural history. Falklands Conservation, London
Miles NG, Walsh C, Butler G, Ueda H, West RJ (2014) Australian diadromous fishes—challenges and solutions for understanding migrations in the 21st century. Mar Freshw Res 65:12–24
Miller MJ (2016) Life histories of catadromous fishes. In: Morais P, Daverat F (eds) An introduction to fish migration. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Morais P, Dias E, Babaluk J, Antunes C (2011) The migration patterns of the European flounder Platichthys flesus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Pleuronectidae, Pisces) at the southern limit of its distribution range: ecological implications and fishery management. J Sea Res 65:235–246
Morgan DL (2003) Distribution and biology of Galaxias truttaceus (Galaxiidae) in south-western Australia, including first evidence of parasitism of fishes in Western Australia by Ligula intestinalis (Cestoda). Environ Biol Fish 66:155–167
Murphy CA, Cowan JH (2007) Production, marine larval retention or dispersal, and recruitment of amphidromous Hawaiian gobioids: issues and implications. Bish Mus Bull Cult Environ Stud 3:63–74
Myers GA (1949) Usage of anadromous, catadromous and allied terms for migratory fishes. Copeia 1949:89–97
Nordlie FG (2012) Life-history characteristics of eleotrid fishes of the western hemisphere, and perils of life in a vanishing environment. Rev Fish Biol Fisheries 22:189–224
Ohara K, Hotta M, Takahashi D, Asahida T, Ida H, Umino T (2009) Use of microsatellite DNA and otolith Sr: Ca ratios to infer genetic relationships and migration history of four morphotypes of Rhinogobius sp. OR. Ichthyol Res 56:373–379
Ovenden JR, White RWG, Adams M (1993) Mitochondrial and allozyme gentics of 2 Tasmanian galaxiids (Galaxias auratus and G. tanycephalus, Pisces, Galaxiidae) with restricted and lacustrine distributions. Heredity 70:223–230
Patzner R, Van Tassel JL, Kovacic M, Kapoor BG (2011) The biology of gobies. CRC Press, Hoboken
Pollard DA (1972) The biology of a landlocked form of the normally catadromous salmoniform fish Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns) III.* Structure of the gonads. Aust J Mar Freshw Res 23:17–38
Potter IC, Tweedley JR, Elliott M, Whitfield AK (2015) The ways in which fish use estuaries: a refinement and expansion of the guild approach. Fish Fish 16:230–239
Radtke RL, Kinzie RA (1996) Evidence of a marine larval stage in endemic Hawaiian stream gobies from isolated high-elevation locations. T Am Fish Soc 125:613–621
Riede K (2004) Global Register of migratory species–from global to regional scales. Final report of the R&D project 80805-0811. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn
Scrimgeour GJ, Eldon GA (1989) Aspects of the reproductive biology of torrentfish, Cheimarrichthys fosteri, in 2 braided river Canterbury, New Zealand. N Z J Mar Freshw Res 23:19–25
Shen KN, Tzeng WN (2008) Reproductive strategy and recruitment dynamics of amphidromous goby Sicyopterus japonicus as revealed by otolith microstructure. J Fish Biol 73:2497–2512
Shen KN, Lee YC, Tzeng WN (1998) Use of otolith microchemistry to investigate the life history pattern of gobies in a Taiwanese stream. Zool Stud 37:322–329
Shiao JC, Tzeng CS, Li PC, Bell KNI (2015) Upstream migration and marine early life history of amphidromous gobies inferred from otolith increments and microchemistry. Environ Biol Fish 98:933–950
Sih A, Bell AM, Johnson JC, Ziemba RE (2004) Behavioral syndromes: an integrative overview. Q Rev Biol 79:241–277
Sih A, Cote J, Evans M, Fogarty S, Pruitt J (2012) Ecological implications of behavioural syndromes. Ecol Lett 15:278–289
Smith WE, Kwak TJ (2014) Otolith microchemistry of tropical diadromous fishes: spatial and migratory dynamics. J Fish Biol 84:913–928
Sorensen PW, Hobson KA (2005) Stable isotope analysis of amphidromous Hawaiian gobies suggests their larvae spend a substantial period of time in freshwater river plumes. Environ Biol Fish 74:31–42
Swearer SE, Caselle JE, Lea DW, Warner RR (1999) Larval retention and recruitment in an island population of a coral-reef fish. Nature 402:799–802
Tabouret H, Lord C, Bareille G, Pecheyran C, Monti D, Keith P (2011) Otolith microchemistry in Sicydium punctatum: indices of environmental condition changes after recruitment. Aquat Living Resour 24:369–378
Taillebois L, Castelin M, Lord C, Chabarria R, Dettai A, Keith P (2014) New Sicydiinae phylogeny (Teleostei: Gobioidei) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear genes: insights on systematics and ancestral areas. Mol Phylogene Evol 70:260–271
Takeshima H, Iguchi K, Nishida M (2009) Ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis) in a contact zone between amphidromous and landlocked forms: genetic analyses of populations in the Yodo River system. Zool Sci 26:536–542
Taylor MJ, Graynoth E, James GD (2000) Abundance and daytime vertical distribution of planktonic fish larvae in an oligotrophic South Island lake. Hydrobiologia 421:41–46
Tsukamoto K, Uchida K (1992) Migration mechanism of the ayu. In: Ilyichev VI, Anikiev VV (eds). Oceanic and anthropogenic controls of life in the Pacific Ocean, vol 21. Kluwer Academic Publisher, Netherlands, pp 145–172
Tsukamoto K, Nakai I, Tesch WV (1998) Do all freshwater eels migrate? Nature 396:635–636
Tsunagawa T, Arai T (2008) Flexible migration of Japanese freshwater gobies Rhinogobius spp. as revealed by otolith Sr: Ca ratios. J Fish Biol 73:2421–2433
Tsunagawa T, Arai T (2009) Migration diversity of the freshwater goby Rhinogobius sp BI, as revealed by otolith Sr: Ca ratios. Aquat Biol 5:187–194
Tsunagawa T, Arai T (2011) Migratory history of the freshwater goby Rhinogobius sp CB in Japan. Ecol Freshw Fish 20:33–41
Tsunagawa T, Suzuki T, Arai T (2010) Migratory history of Rhinogobius sp OR morphotype “Shimahire” as revealed by otolith Sr: Ca ratios. Ichthyol Res 57:10–15
Valade P, Lord C, Grondin H, Bosc P, Taillebois L, Iida M, Tsukamoto K, Keith P (2009) Early life history and description of larval stages of an amphidromous goby, Sicyopterus lagocephalus (Gobioidei: Sicydiinae). Cybium 33:309–319
Walsh CT, Gray CA, West RJ, Williams LFG (2011) Reproductive biology and spawning strategy of the catadromous percichthyid, Macquaria colonorum (Gunther, 1863). Environ Biol Fish 91:471–486
Walsh CT, Reinfelds IV, Gray CA, West RJ, van der Meulen DE, Craig JR (2012) Seasonal residency and movement patterns of two co-occurring catadromous percichthyids within a south-eastern Australian river. Ecol Freshw Fish 21:145–159
Ward FJ, Northcote TG, Boubee JAT (2005) The New Zealand common smelt: biology and ecology. J Fish Biol 66:1–32
Ward FJ, Boubee JAT, Meredith AS, Northcote TG (1989) Characteristics of common smelt, Retropinna retropinna (Richardson), of the Waikato River system. N Z J Mar Freshw Res 23:345–355
Watanabe S, Iida M, Lord C, Keith P, Tsukamoto K (2014) Tropical and temperate freshwater amphidromy: a comparison between life history characteristics of Sicydiinae, ayu, sculpins and galaxiids. Rev Fish Biol Fisheries 24:1–14
Waters JM, Rowe DL, Burridge CP, Wallis GP (2010) Gene trees versus species trees: reassessing life-history evolution in a freshwater fish radiation. Syst Biol 59:504–517
Wylie MJ, Closs GP, Damsteegt EL, Lokman PM (2014) Effects of salinity and temperature on artificial cultivation and early ontogeny of giant kokopu, Galaxias argenteus (Gmelin 1789). Aquac Res 47:1472–1480
Yamasaki YY, Nishida M, Suzuki T, Mukai T, Watanabe K (2015) Phylogeny, hybridization, and life history evolution of Rhinogobius gobies in Japan, inferred from multiple nuclear gene sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol 90:20–33
Acknowledgements
MW initially conceived the concept of a landscape-mediated amphidromy-catadromy continuum during discussions with GPC. During the production of this review, the same connections were later made by JMA resulting in further concept refinement by all three authors and the conclusions presented in this review. We would like to thank Matt Jarvis and Mark Kaemingk for providing valuable comments on early drafts of this manuscript. Funding for this study was provided by the University of Otago; JMA* and MW were funded by the University of Otago Doctoral Scholarships.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Augspurger, J.M., Warburton, M. & Closs, G.P. Life-history plasticity in amphidromous and catadromous fishes: a continuum of strategies. Rev Fish Biol Fisheries 27, 177–192 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-016-9463-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-016-9463-9