Abstract
Amphidromy is a distinctive form of diadromy, but differences in the life histories of tropical and temperate amphidromous fishes suggest that there are two types of freshwater amphidromy. The life histories of Sicydiinae gobies, ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis), Japanese sculpins (Cottus) and galaxiids (Galaxiidae), suggest that the Sicydiinae are representatives of tropical freshwater amphidromy, whereas ayu, sculpins and galaxiids are representatives of temperate freshwater amphidromy. The Sicydiine larval stage may be required to occur in the ocean for all species, but ayu, sculpins and galaxiids have landlocked or fluvial forms with larvae that do not need to enter the ocean for larval feeding and growth. This suggests that Sicydiine larvae have a high oceanic dependency whereas ayu, sculpins and galaxiid larvae have a low oceanic dependency. Freshwater amphidromous fish in tropical and temperate zones appear to have developed two different strategies in the evolution of their life histories. It is likely that the evolutionary direction of the larval stage of tropical amphidromy is to remain in the sea and that of temperate amphidromy is towards having the ability to remain in freshwater if needed. Tropical and temperate amphidromy appear to be biologically informative categories and evaluations of this hypothesis will facilitate better understanding of the various forms of amphidromy in the future.
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Acknowledgments
This review owes much to the many insightful reviews about amphidromy written by the late R. M. McDowall. We sincerely thank S. Fukui, M. Itou, and S. Takino for their kind help during sampling of Sicyopterus japonicus in the Ota and Takata rivers in Wakayama Japan that have provided valuable information about this species. We are also grateful to S. Harada, T. Gosho, T. Yamada, N. Horiki and R. Utsumi for special permission to sample in those rivers, and we thank N. Yamasaki, M. Kondo, K. Maeda, K. Tachihara, K. Matsuura and L. Taillebois for their useful suggestions. This paper benefited from suggestions by M. J. Miller, and we thank J. Aoyama and M. Oya for assistance with many aspects of the study. An anonymous reviewer also helped to improve the paper. This study was partly supported by a Sasakawa Scientific Research Grant from The Japan Science Society, an Ito Grant for Ichthyology from the Fujiwara Natural History Foundation, Grants-in-Aid for Young Scientists (No. 18780143) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, and Grants-in-Aid from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology, Japan (No. 19208019 and 23580246).
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Watanabe, S., Iida, M., Lord, C. et al. Tropical and temperate freshwater amphidromy: a comparison between life history characteristics of Sicydiinae, ayu, sculpins and galaxiids. Rev Fish Biol Fisheries 24, 1–14 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-013-9316-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-013-9316-8