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Effects of climate change on four New England groundfish species

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Abstract

Multiple groundfish stocks in New England remain depleted despite management measures that have been effective elsewhere. A growing body of research suggests that environmental change driven by increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and ocean is unfolding more rapidly in New England than elsewhere, and is an important factor in the failure of these stocks to respond to management. We reviewed research on effects of changes in temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, and ocean currents on pelagic life stages, post-settlement life stages, and reproduction of four species in the New England groundfish fishery: Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus), and yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea). The volume of research on cod was nearly equal to that on the other three species combined. Similarly, many more studies examined effects of temperature than other factors. The majority of studies suggest adverse outcomes, with less evidence for mixed or positive effects. However, for all of the factors other than temperature, there are more knowledge gaps than known effects. Importantly, most work to date examines impacts in isolation, but effects might combine in nonlinear ways and cause stronger reductions in stock productivity than expected. Management strategies will need to account for known effects, nonlinear interactions, and uncertainties if fisheries in New England are to adapt to environmental change.

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Acknowledgments

This review was prepared through support from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation to the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF). The authors benefited from discussions with the Northeast Shelf Fishery Ecosystem Work Group convened by EDF. JPK is especially grateful to his colleagues on the New England Fishery Management Council’s Scientific and Statistical Committee, with whom he grapples on a regular basis with the practical implications of changes in the region’s marine ecosystem. However, the content of this review and any errors are the responsibility of the authors alone.

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  1. Emily S. Klein

    Present address: Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA

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  1. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, 106A Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA

    Emily S. Klein

  2. Fishery Solutions Center, Environmental Defense Fund, 18 Tremont Street, Boston, MA, 02108, USA

    Sarah L. Smith & Jacob P. Kritzer

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Klein, E.S., Smith, S.L. & Kritzer, J.P. Effects of climate change on four New England groundfish species. Rev Fish Biol Fisheries 27, 317–338 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-016-9444-z

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