Abstract
The galaxioid fishes are the dominant, most speciose group of freshwater fishes (with >50 species) in the lands of the cool southern hemisphere, with representatives in western and eastern Australia, Tasmania, New Caledonia, Lord Howe Island, New Zealand, the Chatham, Auckland and Campbell Islands, Patagonian South America (Chile, Argentina), the Falkland Islands and South Africa. The group is most diverse in Australia and New Zealand. Lepidogalaxiidae is found only in Australia, Retropinnidae in Australia and New Zealand, and Galaxiidae across the entire range of the group. Many species are in serious conservation crisis for a diversity of reasons, including habitat deterioration and possibly fisheries exploitation, but there is enduring and pervasive information that shows that the group has been seriously impacted by the acclimatisation of salmonid fishes originating in the cool-temperate northern hemisphere, particularly brown and rainbow trout. With few exceptions, where these trout have been introduced there has been major decline in the galaxioids, especially Galaxiidae, as a result of a complexly interacting series of adverse impacts from these introduced fishes. In some places, centrarchids and cichlids may also have adverse impacts. In addition, there appear to have been adverse impacts from the translocation of galaxioids into communities where they do not naturally occur. In many instances it appears that displacement of the galaxioids has led to a situation where galaxioids and salmonids no longer co-occur, owing either to displacement or predation, leading to fish communities in which there is no explicit evidence for displacement. These effects are resulting in the galaxioid fishes being amongst the most seriously threatened fishes known.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
As discussed for Retropinna retropinna above local Maori communities have been arguing for rights to harvest the flourishing populations of landlocked Retropinna retropinna, which has become established in the lake, as a replacement forage species for the lake’s trout populations, this right being asserted as a form of compensation for the loss of their traditional food supply, the lake-living juveniles of G. brevipinnis—Anon 1996.
References
Allan JD, Flecker AS (1993) Biodiversity conservation in running waters. Bioscience 43:32–43
Allen KR (n.d) Introduction of a new game fish. N Z Mar Dept Special Fish Rep 6:1–9
Allen KR (1949) The New Zealand grayling – a vanishing species. Tuatara 2:22–27
Allen KR (1951) The Horokiwi Stream – a study of a trout population. N Z Marine Dept Fish Bull 10:1–238
Allen KR (1961) Relations between Salmonidae and the native freshwater fauna in New Zealand. Proc N Z Ecol Soc 8:66–70
Allen GR, Berra TM (1989) Life history aspects of the west Australian salamanderfish, Lepidogalaxias salamandroides Mees. Rec West Aust Mus 14:253–267
Allen PJ, Turner DLP, Little RW (1971) Survey of Kai Iwi Lakes. N. Z. Marine Dept Freshwater Fish Advisory Serv Invest Rep, North Island 6:1–14
Allen GR, Hoese DF, Paxton JR, Randall JE, Russell BC, Starck WA, Talbot FH, Whitley GP (1976) Annotated checklist of the fishes of Lord Howe Island. Rec Aust Mus 30:365–454
Allen GR, Midgely SH, Allen M (2002) Field guide to the freshwater fishes of Australia. Western Australian Museum, Perth, 394 pp
Allendorf FW (1991) Ecological and genetic effects of fish introductions: synthesis and recommendations. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 48(suppl. 1):178–181
Allibone RM (1999) Impoundment and introductions: their impacts on native fish of the upper Waipori River, New Zealand. J R Soc N Z 29:291–299
Allibone RM (2000a) Assessment techniques for water abstraction impacts on non-migratory galaxiids of Otago streams. Sci Conserv 147:5–23
Allibone RM (2000b) Water abstraction impacts on the non-migratory galaxiids of Totara Creek. Sci Conserv 147:25–45
Allibone RM, Barrier R (2004) New Zealand non-migratory galaxiid fishes recovery plan. Threat Spec Recov Plan 53:1–45
Allibone RM, Caskey D (2000) Timing and habitat of koaro (Galaxias brevipinnis) spawning in streams draining Mount Taranaki, New Zealand. N Z J Mar Freshwater Res 34:593–595
Allibone RM, McDowall RM (1997) Conservation ecology of the dusky galaxias, Galaxias pullus (Teleostei: Galaxiidae). Conserv Sci Publ 6:1–48
Allibone RM, McIntosh AR (1999) Native fish sport fish interactions: a review. NIWA Client Rep. FGC90203:1–67
Allibone RM, Townsend CR (1997) Reproductive biology, species status and taxonomic relationships of four recently discovered galaxiid fishes in a New Zealand river. J Fish Biol 51:1247–1261
Allibone RM, Townsend CR (1998) Comparative dietary analysis of a recently described fish species complex (Galaxiidae) in a New Zealand river. N Z J Mar Freshwater Res 32:351–361
Allibone RM, Crowl TA, Holmes JM, King TM, McDowall RM, Townsend CR, Wallis GP (1996) Isozyme analysis of Galaxias species (Teleostei: Galaxiidae) from the Taieri River, South Island, New Zealand: a species complex revealed. Biol J Linn Soc 57:107–127
Andersen JC (1916) Jubilee history of South Canterbury. Whitcombe and Tombs, Wellington, 775 pp
Andersen JC, Petersen GC (1956) The Mair family. Reed, Wellington, 345 pp
Anderson ME (1998) A late Cretaceous (Maastrictian) galaxiid fish from South Africa. Spec Pub J L B Smith Inst Ichthyol 60:1–12
Andrews AP (1973) Native fish of the central plateau area, Tasmania. In: Banks MR (ed) The lake country of Tasmania. Royal Society of Tasmania, Hobart, pp 101–106
Andrews AP (1976) A revision of the family Galaxiidae in Tasmania. Aust J Mar Freshwater Res 27:297–349
Angas GF (1847) The New Zealanders illustrated. McLean, London, 129 pp
Anon (n.d) Freshwater fish facts 1–24. Tasmanian Inland Fisheries Service, Hobart
Anon (1982) Are we pulling the plug on wetlands? Nat Conserv Cl Newslett 48:1–3
Anon (1989) Endangered native fish study. Tasm Inl Fish Comm Newslett 18(2):5
Anon (1992) The 1991 whitebait season. Tasm Inl Fish Comm Newslett 21(1):9
Anon (1994) Lake Sorrell deaths. Tasm Inl Fish Comm Newslett 23(3):7
Anon (1996) Smelt harvest trial. Target Taupo (NZ) 21:44–46
Anon (1997) Promising news on most-endangered fish. On the Rise 26(1):3
Anon (1999) Conservation legislation explained. Falklands Conserv Newslett 42:2
Anon (2002) The translocation of brown trout (Salmo trutta) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) into and within Western Australia. West Aust Dep Fish, Fish Man Paper 156:1–88
Armstrong JS (1935) Notes on the biology of Lake Taupo. Trans Proc R Soc N Z 65:88–94
Arrowsmith E, Pentelow FTK (1965) The introduction of trout and salmon to the Falkland Islands. Salm Trout Mag 174:119–129
Arthington AH (1989) Diet of Gambusia affinis holbrooki, Xiphophorus helleri, X. maculatus and Poecilia reticulata (Pisces: Poeciliidae) in streams of southeastern Queensland, Australia. Asian Fish Sci 2:193–212
Arthington AH (1991) Ecological and genetic impacts of introduced and translocated freshwater fish in Australia. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 48:33–43
Arthington AH, Kailola PJ, Woodland DJ, Zalucki JM (1999) Baseline environmental data relevant to an evaluation of quarantine risk potentially associated with the importation to Australia of ornamental finfish. Report to the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service. Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Canberra, A.C.T., unpaged
Ault TR, White RG (1994) Effects of habitat structure and the presence of brown trout on the population density of Galaxias truttaceus in Tasmania, Australia. Trans Am Fish Soc 123:939–949
Backhouse GN (1983) The dwarf galaxias Galaxiella pusilla (Mack, 1936) in Victoria. Fishes of Sahul 1:5–8
Baillie J, Groombridge B (1996) The 1996 IUCN red list of threatened animals. International Union for the Conservation of Nature, Gland, 368 pp
Baker CF, Montgomery JC (2001) Species-specific attraction of migratory banded kokopu juveniles to adult pheromones. J Fish Biol 58:1221–1229
Baker CF, Jowett IG, Allibone RM (2003) Habitat use by non-migratory Otago galaxiids and implications for water management. Sci for Conserv 221:1–34
Baltz DM, Moyle PB (1993) Invasion resistance to introduced species by a native assemblage of Californian stream fishes. Ecol Appl 3:246–255
Barnard KH (1943) Revision of the indigenous freshwater fishes of the southwest Cape region. Ann S Afr Mus 36:101–236
Barrett JA (2004). Introducing the Murray-Darling Basin native fish strategy and initial steps towards demonstration reaches. Ecol Manage Rest 5:15–23
Barrier RFG (2003) New Zealand mudfish Neochanna spp. recovery plan (Northland, black, brown, Canterbury and Chathams) 2003–2112. Department of Conservation, Nelson, 25 pp
Barrier RFG, Hicks BJ (1994) Behavioural interactions between black mudfish (Neochanna diversus Stokell, 1949: Galaxiidae) and mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis Baird and Girard, 1854). Ecol Freshwater Fish 3:93–99
Bayly IAE, Lake PS, Swain R, Tyler PA (1972) Lake Pedder: its importance to biological science. In: Pedder papers; anatomy of a decision. Australian. Conservation Foundation, Melbourne, pp 41–49
Beaglehole JC (ed) (1962) The Endeavour Journal of Joseph Banks, 1765–1771. Angus and Robertson, Sydney, 2 vols
Beck RG (1985) Field observations upon the dwarf galaxiid Galaxiella pusilla (Mack) (Pisces: Galaxiidae) in the southeast of South Australia, Australia. S Aust Nat 60:12–22
Begg AC, Begg NC (1969) James Cook and New Zealand. Government Printer, Wellington, 156 pp
Behnke RJ (1992) Native trout of western North America. Am Fish Soc Monogr 6:1–275
Behnke RJ (2002) Trout and salmon of North America. Chanticleer Press, New York, 360 pp
Bello MT, Ubeda CA (1998) Estado de conservacion de los peces de agua dulce de la Patagonia Argentina: application de una methodologia objetiva. Gayana Zool 62:45–60
Benzie V (1968a) The life history of Galaxias vulgaris Stokell, with a comparison with G. maculatus attenuatus. N Z J Mar Freshwater Res 2:628–653
Benzie V (1968b) Some ecological aspects of the spawning behaviour and early development of the common whitebait, Galaxias maculatus attenuatus (Jenyns). Proc NZ Ecol Soc 15:31–39
Berra TM (1982) Life history of the Australian grayling, Prototroctes maraena (Salmoniformes: Prototroctidae) in the Tambo River, Victoria. Copeia 1982:795–805
Berra TM, Allen GR (1989) Burrowing, emergence, behavior and functional morphology of the Australian salamanderfish, Lepidogalaxias salamandroides. Fisheries 14:2–10
Berra TM, Allen GR (1995) Inability of salamanderfish, Lepidogalaxias salamandroides, to tolerate hypoxic water. Rec West Aust Mus 17:117
Berra TM, Barbour CD (1998) Is the Chilean Galaxias globiceps (Teleostei: Galaxiidae) extant or extinct? Ichthyol Expl Freshwater 9:273–278
Berra TM, Pusey BJ (1997) Threatened fishes of the world: Lepidogalaxias salamandroides Mees, 1961 (Lepidogalaxiidae). Environ Biol Fish 50:201–202
Berra TM, Ruiz VH (1994) Rediscovery of Galaxias globiceps Eigenmann from southern Chile. Trans Am Fish Soc 123:595–600
Berra TM, Smith JF, Morrison JD (1982) Probable identification of the cucumber odor of the Australian grayling, Prototroctes maraena. Trans Am Fish Soc 111:78–82
Berra TM, Campbell A, Jackson PD (1987) Diet of the Australian grayling, Prototroctes maraena Günther (Salmoniformes: Prototroctidae), with notes on the occurrence of a trematode parasite and black peritoneum. Aust J Mar Freshwater Res 38:661–669
Berra TM, Feltes RM, Ruiz VH (1995) Brachygalaxias gothei from south-central Chile, a synonym of B. bullocki (Osteichthys: Galaxiidae). Ichthyol. Exp Freshwater 6:227–234
Berra TM, Crowley LELM, Ivantsoff W, Fuerst PA 1996. Galaxias maculatus, an explanation of its biogeography. Mar Freshwater Res 47:845–849
Bertonatti C, Gonzalez F (1992) Lista de vertebrados argentinos amenazados de extincion. Boletin Tecnico 8:1–32
Best E (1929) Fishing methods and devices of the Maori. Dominion Mus Bull 12:1–230
Beumer JP, Ashburner LD, Burbury ME, Jette E, Latham DJ (1983) A checklist of the parasites of fishes from Australia and its adjacent Antarctic territories. Comm Inst Parasit Tech Comm 48:1–99
Bianco PG, Ketmaier V (2001) Anthropogenic changes in the freshwater fish fauna of Italy, with reference to the central region and Barbus graellsii, a newly established alien species of Iberian origin. J Fish Biol 59(suppl. A):190–208
Bidwell JC (1841) Rambles in New Zealand Orr, London, 104 pp
Biggs BJF, Francoeur SN, Huryn AD, Young R, Arbuckle CJ, Townsend CR (2000) Trophic cascades in streams: effects of nutrient enrichment on autotrophic and consumer benthic communities under two different fish predation regimes. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 57:1380–1394
Birstein VJ (1993) Sturgeons and paddlefishes: threatened fishes in need of conservation. Conserv Biol 7:773–787
Bishop KA, Bell JD (1978a) Aspects of the biology of the Australian grayling Prototroctes maraena Günther (Pisces: Prototroctidae). Aust J Mar Freshwater Res 29:743–761
Bishop KA, Bell JD (1978b) Observations on the fish fauna below Tallowa Dam (Shoalhaven River, New South Wales) during river flow stoppages. Aust J Mar Freshwater Res 29:543–549
Bishop KA, Tilzey RDJ (1978) Welcome Reef project environmental study. Snowy Mountains Engineering Company in association with New South Wales Fisheries. New South Wales Fisheries, Sydney, 110 pp
Black GA, Dempson JB, Bruce WJ (1986) Distribution and postglacial dispersal of freshwater fishes of Labrador. Can J Zool 64:21–31
Blackburn M (1946) The “black” whitebait problem in Tasmania. Aust Fish Newslett 5(4):17
Blackburn M (1950) The Tasmanian whitebait (Lovettia seali Johnston) and the whitebait fishery. Aust J Mar Freshwater Res 1:155–198
Bond N, Lake PS (2003). Characterizing fish habitat associations as a first step in ecological restoration. Aust Ecol 28:611–621
Bonnett ML (1990) Age and growth of alpine galaxias (Galaxias paucispondylus Stokell) and longjawed galaxias (G. prognathus Stokell) in the Rangitata River, New Zealand. N Z J Mar Freshwater Res 24:151–158
Bonnett ML (1992) Spawning in sympatric alpine galaxias (Galaxias paucispondylus Stokell) and longjawed galaxias (G. prognathus Stokell) in a South Island, New Zealand high-country stream. N Z Nat Sci 19:27–30
Bonnett ML, James GD (1988) Freshwater fish in Preservation and Chalky Inlets. Freshwater Catch (NZ) 34:12–14
Bonnett ML, Lambert PW (2002) Diet of giant kokopu, Galaxias argenteus. N Z J Mar Freshwater Res 36:361–369
Bonnett ML, McIntosh AR (2004) The influence of juvenile brown trout on habitat use of juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta) on inanga (G. maculatus) in a stream simulator. J R Soc N Z 34:357–367
Bonnett ML, Sykes JRE (2002) Habitat preferences of giant kokopu, Galaxias argenteus. N Z J Mar Freshwater Res 36:13–24
Bonnett ML, Sagar PM, Docherty CR (1989) Diets of alpine galaxias (Galaxias paucispondylus Stokell) and longjawed galaxias (G. prognathus Stokell) in a South Island, New Zealand, high country stream. N Z J Mar Freshwater Res 23:453–458
Bonnett ML, McDowall RM, Sykes JRE (2002). Critical habitats for the conservation of giant kokopu, Galaxias argenteus. Sci Conserv 206:1–50
Boulenger GA (1902) The explanation of a remarkable case of geographical distribution among fishes. Nature 67:84
Boulet M (1997) Le Nesogalaxias neocaledonicus. Typed report, Service de l’Environnement et de la Gestion des Parces et reserves, Noumea, 6 pp
Bowie S (2002) Shortjaw kokopu (Galaxias postvectis Clarke) distribution, habitat selection and seasonal activity in the northeastern Tararua Ranges. Unpublished MSc Thesis, Massey University, Palmerston North, 81 pp
Bowie S (2005) Bignose galaxias (Galaxias macronasus) survey in the Mackenzie Basin, Canterbury. Department of Conservation, Twizel, 36 pp
Brown JH (1989) Patterns, modes and extents of invasions by vertebrates. In: Drake JA, Mooney HA, Castri F, di Groves RH, Kruger FJ, Rejmánek M, Williamson M (eds) Biological invasions: a global perspective. Wiley, New York, pp 85–110
Brundin L (1966) Transantarctic relationships and their significance, as evidenced by chironomid midges with a monograph of the subfamilies Podonominae and Aphroteniinae and the austral Heptagyiae. Kung Sven Vetenskap Hand 111:1–472
Brunner T (1848) Journal of an expedition to explore the interior of the Middle Island of New Zealand. Examiner Office, Nelson, 17 pp
Bruton MN (1995) Have fish had their chips? The dilemma of threatened fishes. Environ Biol Fish 43:1–27
Bruton MN, van As J (1986) Faunal invasions of aquatic ecosystems in southern Africa, with suggestions for their management. In: The ecology and management of biological invasions in southern Africa. Oxford University Press, Capetown, pp 47–61
Buckney RT, Tyler PA (1973) Chemistry of some sedgeland waters: Lake Pedder, south-west Tasmania. Aust J Mar Freshwater Res 24:267–273
Burnet AMR (1965) Observations on the spawning migrations of Galaxias attenuatus (Jenyns). N Z J Sci 8:79–87
Burstall PJ (1975) Sport fisheries. In: Jolly VH, Brown JMA (eds) New Zealand lakes. Auckland University Press, Auckland, pp 308–318
Burstall PJ (1983) Trout fishery: history and management. N Z Dept Sci Indust Res Info Ser 158:119–132
Burton JR, Williams WD, St John E, Hill D (1975) Final report of the Lake Pedder Commission of Enquiry on the flooding of Lake Pedder, April, 1974. Aust Parliamentary Pap 104:1–196
Busse K (1982) Brachygalaxias gothei n.sp. (Pisces: Galaxiidae) aus Chile. Bonn Zool Beitr 33:71–74
Cadwallader PL (1975a) The food of the New Zealand common river galaxias, Galaxias vulgaris Stokell (Pisces: Salmoniformes). Aust J Mar Freshwater Res 26:15–30
Cadwallader PL (1975b) Feeding relationships of galaxiids, bullies, eels and trout in a New Zealand river. Aust J Mar Freshwater Res 26:299–316
Cadwallader PL (1975c) Distribution and ecology of the Canterbury mudfish, Neochanna burrowsius (Phillipps) (Salmoniformes: Galaxiidae). J R Soc N Z 5:21–30
Cadwallader PL (1976) Breeding biology of a non-diadromous galaxiid, Galaxias vulgaris Stokell, in a New Zealand river. J Fish Biol 8:157–177
Cadwallader PL (1978) Some causes of the decline in range and abundance of native fish in the Murray-Darling River System. Proc R Soc Vict 90:211–224
Cadwallader PL (1979) Distribution of native and introduced fish in the Seven Creeks River system, Victoria. Aust J Ecol 4:361–385
Cadwallader PL (1996) Overview of the impacts of introduced salmonids on Australian native fauna. Australian Nature Conservation Agency, Canberra, 64 pp
Cadwallader PL, Backhouse GN (1983) A guide to the freshwater fish of Victoria. Government Printer, Melbourne, 249 pp
Cadwallader PL, Eden AK (1981) Food and growth of hatchery-produced chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum) in landlocked Lake Purrumbete, Victoria, Australia. J Fish Biol 18:321–330
Cadwallader PL, Eden AK (1982) Observations on the food of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, in Lake Purrumbete, Victoria. Aust Soc Limnol Bull 8:17–21
Cambray JA (1997) Freshwater fish – a global biodiversity crisis. Hydrobiologia 353:199–202
Cambray JA (2000) Threatened fishes of the world series update. Environ Biol Fish 59:353–357
Cambray JA (2003a) Impact on indigenous species biodiversity caused by globalisation of alien recreational freshwater fisheries. Hydrobiologia 500:217–230
Cambray JA (2003b) The global impact of alien trout species – a review with reference to their impact in South Africa. Afr J Aquat Sci 28:61–67
Cambray JA, Bok A, Smith R (1995) Range extension for Galaxias zebratus (Castelnau, 1861, Galaxiidae) from the Krom and Gamtoos Rivers, eastern Cape. S Afr J Sci 21:99–102
Campos H (1969) Reproduccion del Aplochiton taeniatus Jenyns. Bol Mus Nac Hist Nat Chile 29:207–222
Campos H (1972) Breeding season and early development of Brachygalaxias bullocki (Osteichthyes: Galaxiidae). Texas J Sci 23:531–544
Campos H (1984) Gondwana and neotropical galaxioid fish biogeography. In: Zaret T (ed) Evolutionary ecology of neotropical freshwater fishes. Junk, The Hague, pp 113–125
Campos H, Dazarola G, Dyer B, Fuentes L, Gavilan JF, Huaquin L, Martinez G, Melendez R, Pequeno G, Ponce F, Ruiz VH, Siefeld W, Soto D, Vega R, Vila I (1998) Categorias de conservacion de peces nativos de aguas continentales de Chile. Bol Mus Nac Hist Nat Chile 47:101–122
Carlsson R (2000) The distribution of the gastropods Theodoxus fluviatilis (L) and Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Gray) in lakes on the Aland Islands, southwestern Finland. Boreal Environ Res 5:87–195
Cassey P, Arthington AH (1999) The role of ecological theory in predicting biological invasions. Baseline environmental data relevant to an evaluation of quarantine risk potentially associated with the importation to Australia of ornamental finfish: report to the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service. Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Canberra, ACT. (unpaged)
Castelnau F de (1873) Notes on the edible fishes of Victoria. International exhibition essays, London International Exhibition of 1873 (Melbourne 1872–1873). Official record containing Introduction, Catalogues, Reports, Recommendations of the experts, Official Awards of the Commissioners and essays and statistics on the social and economic resources of the Colony of Victoria. Mason, Firth and McCutcheon, Melbourne, 17 pp
Cavender TM, Miller RR (1972) Smilodonichthys rastrosus – a new Pliocene salmonid fish. Bull Nat Hist Univ Oregon 18:1–44
Chadd R (2004) Naturalness: the alien concept. FBA News 25:8
Chadderton WL, Allibone RM (2000) Habitat use and longitudinal distribution patterns of native fish from a near pristine Stewart Island, New Zealand, stream. N Z J Mar Freshwater Res 34:487–499
Charteris SC (2002) Spawning, egg development and recruitment of diadromous galaxiids in Taranaki, New Zealand. Unpublished MSc thesis, Massey University, Palmerston North, 89 pp
Charteris SC, Allibone RM, Caskey D (2003) Spawning site selection, egg development, and larval drift of Galaxias postvectis and G. fasciatus in a New Zealand stream. N Z J Mar Freshwater Res 37:493–506
Chebez JC (1994) Somuncura, una isla en tierra firme. Rev Vida Silvestre FVSA 4(17):8–15
Ciancio JE, Pascual MA, Lancelotti J, Riva Rossi CM, Botto F 2005. Natural colonization and establishment of a chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, population in the Santa Cruz River, an Atlantic basin of Patagonia. Environ Biol Fishes 74:219–237
Clarke FE (1899) Notes on New Zealand Galaxidae, more especially those of the western slopes: with descriptions of new species. Trans Proc N Z Inst 31:78–91
Clavero M, García-Berthiu E 2004. Invasive species are a leading cause of animal extinctions. Trends Ecol Evol 20:110
Clements J (1988) Salmon at the antipodes: a history and review of trout, salmon and char, and introduced coarse fish in Australasia. Publ. Author, Skipton, 391 pp
Closs GP, Lake PS (1996) Drought, differential mortality and the coexistence of native and an introduced fish species in a south east Australian intermittent stream. Environ Biol Fish 47:17–26
Closs GP, Ludgate B, Goldsmith RJ (2003) Controlling European perch (Perca fluviatilis): lessons from an experimental removal. Managing invasive freshwater fish in New Zealand: proceedings of a workshop hosted by Department of Conservation, 10–12 May, 2001, Hamilton., Department of Conservation, Wellington, pp 37–48
Cole JW (1970) Structure and eruptive history of the Tarawera volcanic complex. N Z J Geol Geophys 13:879–902
Cooper GS (1851) Journal of an expedition overland from Auckland to Taranaki by way of Rotorua, Tauranga and the West Coast in the summer of 1849–1850 by His Excellency the Governor in Chief of New Zealand. Williamson and Wilson, Auckland, 309 pp
Courtenay WR, Hensley DA, Taylor JN, McCann JA (1984) Distribution of exotic fishes in the continental United States. In: Courtenay WR, Stauffer JR (eds). Distribution, biology and management of exotic fishes. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, pp 41–77
Cowan J (1930) The Maori yesterday and today. Whitcombe and Tombs, Auckland, 266 pp
Cowx IG (2002) Analysis of threats to freshwater fish conservation: past and present challenges. In: Collares-Pereira MJ, Cowx IG, Coelho MM (eds) Conservation of freshwater fishes: options for the future. Fishing News Books, Oxford, pp 201–220
Cracraft J, Griffo F (eds) (1999) The living planet in crisis: biodiversity science and policy. Columbia University, New York, 311 pp
Craw RC (1979) Generalized tracks and dispersal in biogeography: a response to R.M. McDowall. Syst Zool 28:99–107
Creed RP (2000) Is there a new keystone species in North American lakes and rivers? Oikos 91:405–408
Cromarty P, Scott DA (eds) (1996) A directory of wetlands in New Zealand. Department of Conservation, Wellington, 395 pp
Crook D (2000) Threatened fishes committee report. Newslett Aus Soc Fish Biol 30(2):41–42
Crook D (2001) Threatened fishes committee report. Newslett Aust Soc Fish Biol 31(1):33–40
Crook D, Pogonoski J (2002) Threatened fishes committee report. Newslett Aust Soc Fish Biol 32(2):45–54
Crook D, Pogonoski J (2003) Threatened fishes committee report. Newslett Aust Soc Fish Biol 33(2):52–65
Crook DA, Sanger A (1997) Recovery plan for the Pedder, Swan, Clarence, swamp and saddled galaxias. Report to Biodiversity group, Endangered Species Program, Environment Australia. Inland Fisheries Service, Hobart, 17 pp
Crook DA, Sanger AC (1998) Threatened fishes of the world: Galaxias johnstoni Scott, 1936 (Galaxiidae). Environ Biol Fish 53:154
Crosby AW (1986) Ecological imperialism: the biological expansion of Europe, 900–1900. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 368 pp
Crossman EJ (1984) Introductions of exotic fishes into Canada. In: Courtenay WR, Stauffer JR (eds), Distribution, biology and management of exotic fishes. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, pp 78–101
Crowl TA, Townsend CR, McIntosh AR (1992) The impact of introduced brown and rainbow trout on native fish: the case in Australasia. Rev Fish Biol Fish 2:217–241
Cryer M (1990) The diet of trout in Lake Taupo. Target Taupo (NZ) 4:4–6
Cudby ER (1977) Effects of eruptions from the National Park volcanoes on aquatic life. N Z Limnol Soc Newslett 13:19
Cudby EJ (1984) Fishery aspects of the Wairehu Canal hydro-electric scheme. N Z Min Agric Fish, Fish Environ Rep 39:1–28
Cudby EJ, Ewing NB (1968) Lakes Taharoa and Kai-Iwi – Northland. Unpublished report, Fisheries Management Division, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, 6 pp
Cudby EJ, Ewing NB, Wilkinson R (1969) Lakes Taharoa and Kai-Iwi – Northland. Unpublished report, Fisheries Management Division, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, 5 pp
Cuevas CC, Campos HH, Busse K (1999) Cytotaxonomic studies in Chilean galaxiid fishes. The karyotypes, C-bands, Ag-NORs and hybrids of Brachygalaxias gothei and B. bullocki. Cytologia 64:379–385
Cunningham BT, Moar NT, Torrie AW, Parr PJ (1953) A survey of the western coastal dune lakes of the North Island, New Zealand. Aust J Mar Freshwater Res 4:343–386
Darlington PJ (1957) Zoogeography: the geographic distribution of animals. Wiley, London, 675 pp
Darlington PJ (1965) Biogeography of the southern end of the world. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 236 pp
Darwin C (1859) On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. Murray, London, 502 pp
Darwin C (1873) On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favored races in the struggle for life, 6th edn. John Murray, London, 458 pp
Darwin C (1896) Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage of HMS Beagle round the world. Nelson, London
Daugherty CH (2004) Understand the past – discover the future. N Z Sci Rev 60:141–142
Davaine P, Beall E (1997) Introduction de salmonides en milieu vierge Iles Subantarctique): enjeux, resultats, perspectives. Bull Franc Peche Piscic 1997:344–345
Davey ML, O’Brien L, Ling N, Gleeson DM (2003) Population genetic structure of the Canterbury mudfish (Neochanna burrowsius): biogeography and conservation implications. N Z J Mar Freshwater Res 37:14–22
David B (2002) Threatened fishes of the world: Galaxias argenteus (Gmelin, 1789) (Galaxiidae). Environ Biol Fish 63:416
David B (2003) Conservation, management and research directions for giant kokopu (Galaxias argenteus) in Otago. Dept Conserv Sci Int Ser 112:1–26
David BO, Closs GP (2002) Behavior of a stream-dwelling fish before, during and after high discharge events. Trans Am Fish Soc 131:762–771
David BO, Closs GP, Arbuckle CJ (2002) Distribution of fish in tributaries of the lower Taieri/Waipori Rivers, South Island, New Zealand. N Z J Mar Freshwater Res 36:797–808
Davies JL (1974) Geomorphology and Quaternary environments. In: Williams WD (ed) Biogeography and ecology in Tasmania. The Hague, Junk, pp 17–27
Davies P, Fulton W (1987) The Great Lake trout fishery. Tasm Inl Fish Comm Newslett 16(2):1–12
Day F (1888) Supplement to the fishes of India, being a natural history of the fishes known to inhabit the seas and fresh waters of India, Burma and Ceylon. Williams and Norgate, London, pp 779–816
Day D (1981) The doomsday book of animals: a unique natural history of three hundred vanished species. Ebury Press, London, 288 pp
Dill WA, Cordone AJ (1997) History and status of introduced fishes in California, 1871–1996: Conclusions. Fisheries 22(10):15–18
Dedual M (2005) Koaro, trout and smelt in Taupo. Target Taupo (NZ) 48:43–46
Department of Conservation (2005) New Zealand non-migratory galaxiid fishes recovery plan 2003–2013. Threat Spec Recov Plan 53:1–45. Department of Conservation, Wellington, NZ
Drinnan KJ (2000) The effects of fish on the behaviour of drift of stream invertebrates. Unpublished MSc thesis, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 104 pp
Duncan JR, Lockwood JL (2001) Extinction in a field of bullets: a search for causes in the decline in the world’s freshwater fishes. Biol Conserv 102:97–105
Dunn N (2002) Low flows and their implications for freshwater fish conservation. New Zealand Conservation Management Group Annual Conference Proceedings, Christchurch, pp 83–84
Dunning JB, Danielson BJ, Pulliam HR (1992) Ecological processes that affect populations in complex landscapes. Oikos 65:169–175
Edge K, Townsend CR, Crowl TA (1993) Investigation of antipredator behaviour in three genetically differentiated populations of non-migratory galaxiid fishes in a New Zealand river. N Z J Mar Freshwater Res 27:357–363
Eigenmann CH (1928) The freshwater fishes of Chile. Mem Nat Acad Sci 22:1–80
Eikaas H, Kliskey A, McIntosh AR (2005a) Spatial modelling and habitat quantification for two diadromous fish in New Zealand streams: a GIS-based approach with application for conservation management. Environ Manage 36:726–740
Eikaas HS, Harding JS, Kliskey AD, McIntosh AR (2005b) The effect of terrestrial habitat fragmentation on fish populations in small streams: a case study from New Zealand. Norweg J Geog 59:269–275
Eldon GA (1978) The life history of Neochanna apoda Günther (Pisces: Galaxiidae). N Z Min Agric Fish, Fish Res Bull 19:1–44
Eldon GA (1979a) Breeding, growth, and aestivation of the Canterbury mudfish, Neochanna burrowsius (Salmoniformes: Galaxiidae). N Z J Mar Freshwater Res 13:331–346
Eldon GA (1979b) Habitat and interspecific relationships of the Canterbury mudfish, Neochanna burrowsius (Salmoniformes: Galaxiidae). N Z J Mar Freshwater Res 13:111–119
Eldon GA (1993) Guidelines towards a conservation strategy for the Canterbury mudfish (Neochanna burrowsius). N Z Freshwater Res Rep 4:1–19
Eldon GA, Greager AJ (1983) Fishes of the Rakaia Lagoon. N Z Min Agric Fish, Fish Environ Rep 30:1–65
Eldon GA, Kelly GR (1985) Fishes in the Waimakariri estuary. N Z Min Agric Fish, Fish Environ Rep 56:1–59
Eldon GA, Howden PJ, Howden DB (1978) Reduction of a population of Canterbury mudfish Neochanna burrowsius (Galaxiidae) by drought. N Z J Mar Freshwater Res 12:313–321
Elkington SP, Charteris SC (2005) Freshwater fish of the upper Waitaki River. Department of Conservation, Christchurch, 44 pp
Elton CS (1958) The ecology of invasions by animals and plants. Wiley, New York, 181 pp
Englund RA, Eldredge LG (2001) Fishes. In: Staples GW, Cowie RH (eds) Hawai’i’s invasive species. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, pp 32–40
Esa YB, Waters JM, Wallis GP (2001) Introgressive hybridization between Galaxias depressiceps and Galaxias sp. D (Teleostei: Galaxiidae) in Otago, New Zealand: secondary contact mediated by water races. Conserv Genet 1:329–339
Falla RA (1975) The bird fauna. In: Jolly VH, Brown JMA (eds) New Zealand lakes. Auckland, Auckland University Press, pp 319–331
Fausch KD (1988) Tests of competition between native and introduced salmonids in streams: what have we learned? Can J Fish Aquat Sci 45:2238–2246
Fausch KD, Taniguchi Y, Nakano S, Grossman GD, Townsend CR (2001) Flood disturbance regimes influence rainbow trout invasion success among five holarctic regions. Ecol Appl 11:1438–1455
Ferguson A, Taggart JB (1991) Genetic differentiation among the sympatric brown trout (Salmo trutta) populations of Lough Melvin, Ireland. Biol J Linn Soc 43:221–237
Field-Dodgson MS (1987) The effect of salmon redd excavation on stream substrate and benthic community of two salmon streams in Canterbury, New Zealand. Hydrobiologia 154:3–11
Fink WL (1984) Basal euteleosts: relationships. Amer Soc Ichthyol Herpetol Spec Publ 1:202–206
Fischer W (1963) Die Fische des brackwassergebietes lenga bei Conception (Chile). Int Rev Hydrobiol Hydrog 48:419–511
Fish GR (1966) An artificially maintained trout population in a Northland lake. N Z J Sci 9:200–210
Flannery TF (1994). The future eaters: an ecological history of the Australasian lands and people. Reed, Chatswood, 423 pp
Flecker AS, Townsend CR (1994) Community-wide consequences of trout introductions into New Zealand streams. Ecol Appl 44:798–807
Fletcher HJ (1919a) The edible fish of Taupo-nui-a-tia. Trans Proc N Z Inst 51:259–264
Fletcher HJ (1919b) Lake Taupo and its trout. N Z J Sci Technol 2:367–370
Fletcher AR (1979) Effects of Salmo trutta on Galaxias olidus and macroinvertebrates in stream communities. Unpublished MSc Thesis, Monash University, Clayton, 179 pp
Fletcher AR (1986) Effects of introduced fish in Australia. In: Decker P de, Williams D (eds) Limnology in Australia. Junk, Dordrecht, pp 231–238
Font WF (1997) Improbable colonists: helminth parasites of freshwater fishes on an oceanic island. Micronesica 30:105–115
Frame A (2002) Grey and Iwikau: a journey into custom. Victoria University, Wellington, 96 pp
Frankenberg RS (1966) Fishes of the family Galaxiidae. Aust Nat Hist 15:161–164
Frankenberg RS (1968) Two new species of galaxiid fishes from the Lake Pedder region of southern Tasmania. Aust Zool 14:168–174
Frankenberg RS (1974) Native freshwater fish. In: Williams WD (ed) Biogeography and ecology in Tasmania. Junk, The Hague, pp 113–140
Froggatt PC, Lowe DJ (1990) A review of late Quaternary silicic and some other tephra formations from New Zealand: their stratigraphy, nomenclature, distribution, volume and age. N Z J Geol Geophys 33:89–109
Fulton W (1978a) A description of a new species of Galaxias (Pisces: Galaxiidae) from Tasmania. Aust J Mar Freshwater Res 29:109–116
Fulton W (1978b) A new species of Galaxias (Pisces: Galaxiidae) from the Swan River, Tasmania. Rec Queen Vict Mus, Launceston 63:1–8
Fulton W (1982) Observations on the ecology of four species of the genus Paragalaxias (Pisces: Galaxiidae) from Tasmania. Aust J Mar Freshwater Res 33:999–1016
Fulton W (1984) Whitebait whiteout. Tasm Inl Fish Comm Newslett 13:2
Fulton W (1986) The Tasmanian mudfish, Galaxias cleaveri. Fishes Sahul 4:150–151
Fulton W (1987) Tasmania’s endangered freshwater fish fauna. Tasm Inl Fish Comm Newslett 16(1):2
Fulton W (1990) Tasmanian freshwater fishes. Fauna Tasm Handbook 7:1–80
Fulton W (1996) What are whitebait? On the Rise 25(2):3
Fulton W (2000) Tasmanian whitebait: a multi-species fishery targeting migrating fishes. In: Hancock DA, Smith DC, Koehn JD (eds). Fish movement and migration, Australian Society for Fish Biology Workshop Proceedings. Australian Society for Fish Biology, Sydney, pp 256–260
Fulton W (2004) Review of trout stocking in South Australia. S Aust Fish Manage Ser 41:1–67
Fulton W, Pavuk N (1988) The Tasmanian whitebait fishery: summary of present knowledge and outline of future management plans. Tasm Inl Fish Comm Occ Rep 88–01:1–27
Gaffney RF, Hamr P, Davies PE (1992) The Pedder galaxias recovery plan: management phase. Department of Parks, Wildlife and Heritage, Hobart, 24 pp
Gaigher IG, Hamman KCD, Thorne SC (1980) The distribution, conservation status and factors affecting the survival of indigenous freshwater fishes in the Cape Province. Koedoe 23:57–88
Gee HM (1978) The evolving consciousness. In: Gee H, Fenton J (eds) The southwest book – a Tasmanian wilderness. Australian Conservation Foundation, Hawthorn, pp 239–250
Gehrke PC, Gilligan DM, Barwick M (2002) Changes in fish communities of the Shoalhaven River 20 years after construction of Tallowa Dam, Australia. Rivers Res Appl 18:265–286
Gill HS, Morgan DL (1996) Threatened fishes of the world: Galaxiella nigrostriata (Shipway, 1953) (Galaxiidae). Environ Biol Fish 47:344
Gill HS, Morgan DL (1997) Threatened fishes of the world: Galaxiella munda McDowall, 1978 (Galaxiidae). Environ Biol Fish 49:174
Gill HS, Hambleton SJ, Morgan DL (1999) Is the mosquitofish, Gambusia holbrooki (Poeciliidae) a major threat to the native freshwater fishes of South-western Australia? In: Serét J, Sire J-Y (eds) Proceedings of the 5th Indo-Pacific fish conference (Noumea, 3–8 November, 1997). Société Francaise d’Ichthyologie and Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement, Paris, pp 393–403
Glade AA (1993) Libro rojo de los vertebrados terrestres de Chile. Actas del Simposio Estado de Conservacion de la Fauna de Vertebrados Terrestres de Chile. 2nd edn. Santiago, 67 pp
Gleeson DM, Binzegger SU, Ling N (1999a) Population structure of Galaxias gracilis: implications for conservation. Landcare Research Contract Report LC9900/7, 1–8
Gleeson DM, Howitt RLJ, Ling N (1999b) Genetic variation, population structure and cryptic species within the black mudfish, Neochanna diversus, an endemic galaxiid from New Zealand. Mol Ecol 8:47–57
Glova GJ (1989) Native and salmonid fishes: are they compatible? Freshwater Catch (NZ) 40:12–13
Glova GJ (1990) Galaxiids more vulnerable than bullies to trout predation. Freshwater Catch (NZ) 43:19
Glova GJ (2003) A test for interaction between brown trout (Salmo trutta) and inanga (Galaxias maculatus) in an artificial stream. Ecol Freshwater Fish 12:247–253
Glova GJ, Sagar PM (1989a) Prey selection by Galaxias vulgaris in the Hawkins River, New Zealand. N Z J Mar Freshwater Res 23:153–161
Glova GJ, Sagar PM (1989b) Feeding in a nocturnally active fish, Galaxias brevipinnis, in a New Zealand stream. Aust J Mar Freshwater Res 40:231–240
Glova GJ, Sagar PM (1991) Dietary and spatial overlap between stream populations of a native and two introduced fish species in New Zealand. Aust J Mar Freshwater Res 42:423–433
Glova GJ, Sagar PM (1993) A further assessment of trophic and spatial inter-relations of galaxiids and salmonids in New Zealand. Ecol Freshwater Fish 2:132–140
Glova GJ, Sagar PM, Naslund I (1992) Interaction for food and space between populations of Galaxias vulgaris Stokell and juvenile Salmo trutta L. in a New Zealand stream. J Fish Biol 41:909–925
Goodman JM (2002) The ecology and conservation of shortjaw kokopu Galaxias postvectis) in Nelson and Marlborough. Unpublished MSc Thesis, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 109 pp
Gosline WA (1960) Contributions towards a classification of modern isospondylous fishes. Bull Brit Mus Nat Hist, Zool 66:327–365
Grace J te H (1959) Tuwharetoa: the history of the Maori people of the Taupo district. Reed, Wellington, 567 pp
Graham DH (1953) A treasury of New Zealand fishes. Reed, Wellington, 404 pp
Gray ME (1929) Notes on the mountain minnow, Galaxias coxii Macleay. Aust Nat 7:140
Greaves J (2006). An insight into the lifecycle of Taupo smelt. Target Taupo (NZ) 51:21
Green K (1979) Observations on rock climbing by the fish Galaxias brevipinnis. Vict Nat 96:230–231
Grey Z (1982) Anglers’ eldorado – Zane Grey in New Zealand. Reed, Wellington, 151 pp
Griffiths WE (1976) Food and feeding habits of European perch in the Selwyn River, Canterbury, New Zealand. N Z J Mar Freshwater Res 10:417–428
Gurevitch J, Padilla DK (2004) Are invasive species a major cause of extinctions? Trends Ecol Evol 19:470–474
Haast J von (1873) Notes on some undescribed fishes of New Zealand. Trans Proc N Z Inst 5:272–278
Hall DN (1983) Occurrence of the copepod parasite Lernaea cyprinacea L. on the Australian grayling, Prototroctes maraena Günther. Proc R Soc Vict 95:273–274
Hall DN, Harrington DJ (1989) Studies on the spawning and early life history of Australian grayling Prototroctes maraena Günther in the Barwon River, Australia. Arthur Rylah Inst Environ Res Tech Rep Ser 84:1–31
Hall DFN, Cole RC, Thorpe JE (1979) Report on a visit by a fisheries team to the Falkland Islands, November 1978. Report to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Overseas Development Administration, unpaged
Halstead MDB (1994) Detection and location of prey by the New Zealand freshwater galaxiid, Galaxias fasciatus (Pisces: Salmoniformes). Unpublished MSc Thesis, University of Auckland, Auckland, 21 pp
Hammer M, Horne P (2004) Threatened ecological communities of South Australia’s south-east. Fish Sahul 18:2–7
Hamr P (1992a) The Pedder galaxias. Aust Nat Hist 23:904
Hamr P (1992b) Conservation of Galaxias pedderensis: report to the endangered species unit, ANPWS. Tasm Inl Fish Comm Occ Rep 92–01:1–77
Hamr P (1995) Threatened fishes of the world: Galaxias pedderensis Frankenberg, 1968 (Galaxiidae). Environ Biol Fish 43:406
Hanchet SM (1990) Effect of land use on the distribution and abundance of native fish in tributaries of the Waikato River in the Hakarimata Range, North Island, New Zealand. N Z J Mar Freshwater Res 24:159–171
Hardie SA (2003a) Current status and ecology of the golden galaxias, Galaxias auratus. Inland Fisheries Service, Hobart, 140 pp
Hardie SA (2003b) Threatened fish profile: golden galaxias (Galaxias auratus Johnston 1883). Newslett Aust Soc Fish Biol 33(2):57–60
Hardie SA, Barmuta L, White RWG (2004) Threatened fishes of the world: Galaxias auratus Johnston, 1883 (Galaxiidae). Environ Biol Fish 71:126
Hardie SA, Barmuta L, White RWG (2005). Comparison of day and night fyke netting, electrofishing and snorkelling for monitoring a population of the threatened golden galaxias (Galaxias auratus). Hydrobiologia 560:143–158
Hardie SA, Barmuta L, White RWG (2006a) Spawning related seasonal variation in fyke net catches of golden galaxias (Galaxias auratus) (Galaxiidae): implications for monitoring lacustrine galaxiid populations. Fish Manage Ecol 12:407–410
Hardie SA, Jackson JE, Barmuta L, White RWG (2006b) Status of galaxiid fishes in Tasmania, Australia: conservation listings, threats and management issues. Aquat Conserv: Mar Freshwater Ecosyst 16:235–250
Harper AP (1896) Pioneer work in the Alps of New Zealand: a record of the first exploration of the chief glaciers and ranges of the Southern Alps. Fisher and Unwin, London, 336 pp
Harraway S (2000) Distribution and habitat in the Raukapuka Area of the Canterbury mudfish (Neochanna burrowsius). Department of Conservation, Christchurch, 14 pp
Harris JH, Rowland SJ (1996) Australian freshwater cods and basses. In: McDowall RM (ed) Freshwater fishes of southeastern Australia. Reed, Sydney, pp 150–163
Harrison IJ, Stiassny MLJ (1999) The quiet crisis: a preliminary listing of the freshwater fishes of the world that are extinct or missing in action. In: McPhee RD (ed) Extinctions, in near time – causes, contexts and consequences. Kluwer Academic/Plenum, New York, pp 271–331
Hartman G (1990) Ability of some New Zealand fishes to burrow in gravel. Freshwater Catch (NZ) 44:15–16
Hayes JW (1986) Fish and fisheries values of Lake Alexandrina and their sensitivity to eutrophication. N Z Min Agric Fish, Fish Environ Rep 63:1–45
Hayes JW (1996a) Observations of surface feeding behaviour in pools by koaro, Galaxias brevipinnis. J R Soc N Z 26:139–141
Hayes JW (1996b) Why our river trout grow so big. Fish Game N Z 3:39–42
Hayes JW, Leathwick JR, Hanchet SM (1989) Fish distribution patterns and their association with environmental factors in the Mokau River catchment, New Zealand. N Z J Mar Freshwater Res 23:171–180
Hayes JW, Stark JD, Shearer KA (2000) Development and test of a whole-lifetime foraging and bioenergetics model for drift-feeding brown trout. Trans Am Fish Soc 129:315–332
Healy J (1992) Central volcanic region. In: Soons JM, Selby MJ (eds) Landforms of New Zealand. Longman Paul, Auckland, pp 256–286
Hector J (1872) Notes on the edible fishes. Fishes of New Zealand. Hughes, Wellington, pp 97–133
Henry R (1903) The habits of the flightless birds of New Zealand, with notes on other New Zealand birds. Government Printer, Wellington, 88 pp
Herbold B, Moyle PB (1986) Introduced species and vacant niches. Am Nat 128:751–760
Hewitt GC, Hine PM (1972) Checklist of parasites of New Zealand fishes and of their hosts. N Z J Mar Freshwater Res 61:69–114
Hey S (1926) Preliminary report on the inland waters of South Africa with regard to the suitability for the introduction of edible fish. Department of Mines and Industries, Capetown, 140 pp (cited from Cambray, 2003a)
Hickling H (1960) Freshwater admiral. Reed, Wellington, 456 pp
Hicks BJ, Glova GJ, Duncan MJ (2004) Forestry interactions - New Zealand. In: Northcote TG, Hartman GF (eds) Fishes and forestry: worldwide watershed interactions and management. Blackwell Science, Oxford, pp 654–677
Hildebrand SG (1971) The effect of coho spawning on the benthic invertebrates of the Platte River, Benzie County, Michigan. Trans Am Fish Soc 100:61–68
Hine PM, Jones JB, Diggle BK (2002) A checklist of the parasites of New Zealand fishes, including previously unpublished records. NIWA Tech Rep 75:1–94
Hiroa te R (1921) Maori food supplies of Lake Rotorua, with methods of obtaining them, and usages and customs appertaining thereto. Trans Proc N Z Inst 53:433–451
Hiroa te R (1926) The Maori craft of netting. Trans Proc N Z Inst 56:597–646
Hitchmough R (2002) New Zealand threat classification system lists, 2002. Department of Conservation, Wellington, 210 pp
Hobbs DF (1960) Other matters. Rep Tasm Inl Fish Comm 1960:6
Hobbs DF (1961) The northern Tasmanian whitebait fisheries. Rep Tasm Inl Fish Comm 1961:22–27
Hocutt CH (1984) Towards the development of an environmental ethic for exotic fishes. In: Courtenay WR, Stauffer JR (eds) Distribution, biology and management of exotic fishes. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, pp 374–386
Hopkins CL (1965) Feeding relationships in a mixed population of freshwater fish. N Z J Sci 8:149–157
Hopkins CL (1971) Production of fish in two small streams in the North Island of New Zealand. N Z J Mar Freshwater Res 5:280–290
Hopkins CL, Brewerton HV, McGrath HJW (1966) The effect on a stream fauna of an aerial application of DDT prills to pasture land. N Z J Sci 9:236–248
Hubbs CL (1952) Antitropical distribution of fishes and other organisms. Proc Seventh Pacific Sci Congr 3:324–329
Humphries P (1986) Observations of the ecology of Galaxiella pusilla (Mack) (Salmoniformes: Galaxiidae) in Diamond Creek, Victoria. Proc R Soc Vict 98:133–137
Humphries P (1989) Variation in the life history of diadromous and landlocked populations of the spotted galaxias, Galaxias truttaceus Valenciennes, in Tasmania. Aust J Mar Freshwater Res 40:501–518
Hursthouse C (1857) New Zealand or Zealandia, the Britain of the south. Stanford, London, 2 vols
Hursthouse C (1861) The New Zealand handbook – a complete guide to the Britain of the south. Stanford, London, 515 pp
Huryn AD (1996) An appraisal of the Allen paradox in a New Zealand trout stream. Limnol Oceanogr 41:243–252
Huryn AD (1998) Ecosystem-level evidence for top-down and bottom-up control of production in a grassland stream system. Oecologia 115:173–183
Impson ND, Hamman KCD (2000) Conservation status, threats and future prospects for the survival of freshwater fishes of the Western Cape Province, South Africa. In: Cowx IG (ed) Management and ecology of river fisheries. Fishing News Books/Blackwells, London, pp 418–427
Impson ND, Bills IR, Cambray JA (2002) A conservation plan for the unique and highly threatened freshwater fishes of the Cape Floral Kingdom. In: Collares-Pereira MJ, Cowx IG, Coelho MM (eds) Conservation of freshwater fishes: options for the future. Fishing News Books, Oxford, pp 432–440
Ingram BA, Barlow CG, Burchmore JJ, Gooley GJ, Rowland SJ, Sanger AC (1990) Threatened native freshwater fishes in Australia – some case histories. J Fish Biol 37(suppl. A):175–182
International Union for the Conservation of Nature (2006) 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species <http://www.redlist.org>
Ishiguro NB, Miya M, Nishida M (2003) Basal euteleostean relationships: a mitogenomic perspective on the phylogenetic reality of the Protacanthopterygii. Mol Phylogenet Evol 27:476–488
Jackson PD (1976) A note on the food of the Australian grayling, Prototroctes maraena Günther (Galaxioidei: Prototroctidae). Aust J Mar Freshwater Res 27:525–528
Jackson J (1999a) Native fish news: success with conserving three endangered species. On the Rise 27(2):5
Jackson J (1999b) Pedder galaxias doing well in Lake Oberon. On the Rise 28(1):5
Jackson JE (2000a) History or habitat? distribution of the endangered Clarence galaxias in Tasmania’s central highlands. Abstracts, Aust Soc Fish Biol Workshop and Ann Conf, Albury, NSW, 7–12 August, 2000, p 75
Jackson J (2000b) Swan galaxias rescue operation. On the Rise 29(1):4
Jackson J (2000c) Prototroctes maraena. On the Rise 29(1):3
Jackson J (2000d) Native fish of Great Lake. On the Rise 29(3):6
Jackson J (2001a) Pedder galaxias on the move! On the Rise 30(1):11
Jackson J (2001b) What happened to the Arthur Paragalaxias at Woods Lake? On the Rise 30(1):11
Jackson J (2002a) Illegal stocking threatens endangered galaxiid. On the Rise 31(1):6
Jackson J (2002b) Translocated Pedder galaxias at Strathgordon. On the Rise 31(1):6
Jackson J, Crook D (2002) Threatened fish profile: Clarence galaxias, Galaxias johnstoni. Newslett Aust Soc Fish Biol 32(1):22–23
Jackson J, Harvey A (2000) Captive breeding trials. On the Rise 29(2):7
Jackson PD, Davies JN (1983) The freshwater and estuarine fishes of Wilsons Promontory National Park. Fisheries and Wildlife Division, Melbourne, 68 pp
Jackson PD, Koehn JD (1988) A review of biological information, distribution and status of the Australian grayling, Prototroctes maraena Günther, in Victoria. Arthur Rylah Inst Environ Res Tech Rep 52:1–20
Jackson PD, Williams WD (1980) Effects of brown trout, Salmo trutta L., on the distribution of some native fishes in three areas of southern Victoria. Aust J Mar Freshwater Res 31:61–67
Jellyman DJ (1979) Observations on the biology of the giant kokopu, Galaxias argenteus (Gmelin, 1789). Mauri Ora 7:53–61
Jellyman DJ, Glova GJ, Bonnett ML, McKerchar AI, Allen KR (2000) The Horokiwi Stream 50 years on: a study of the loss of a productive trout fishery. NIWA Tech Rep 83:1–50
Jeppesen E, Lauridsen T, Mitchell SF, Burns CW (1997) Do planktivorous fish structure the zooplankton communities in New Zealand lakes. N Z J Mar Freshwater Res 31:163–173
Johannes RE, Larkin PA (1961) Competition for food between redside shiners (Richardsonius balteatus) and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) in two British Columbia lakes. J Fish Res Bd Can 18:203–220
Johnson D (1972) Lake Pedder – why a national park must be saved. Lake Pedder Action Committee of Victoria and Tasmania and Australian Union of Students, Adelaide, 96 pp
Johnson B (2004) Introduced fish (letter). Forest and Bird (NZ) 312:3
Johnson GD, Patterson C (1996) Relationships of lower euteleostean fishes. In: Stiassny MLJ, Parenti LR, Johnson GD (eds) Interrelationships of fishes, 2nd edn. Academic, New York, pp 251–332
Johnston RM (1883) General and critical observations on the fishes of Tasmania with a classified catalogue of all the known species. Pap Proc R Soc Tasm 1882:53–143
Jones HA, Rutzou T, Kukolic K (1990) Distribution and relative abundance of fish in the Naas-Gudgenby catchment. ACT Parks Conserv Serv Res Rep 3:1–25
Keith P (2002) Threatened fishes of the world: Galaxias neocaledonicus Weber and de Beaufort, 1913 (Galaxiidae). Environ Biol Fish 63:26
Kennedy M, Burton R (eds) (1986) A threatened species conservation strategy for Australia. Ecofund, Sydney
Khan TA, Wilson ME, Khan MT (2003) Evidence for invasive carp mediated trophic cascade in shallow lakes of western Victoria, Australia. Hydrobiologia 506:465–472
Kinnison MT, Bentzen P, Unwin MJ, Quinn TP (2002) Reconstructing recent divergence: evaluating nonequilibrium population structure in New Zealand chinook salmon. Mol Ecol 11:739–754
Koehn JD (1986) Survey of fish fauna in Badger Creek and waters in the Coranderk Bushland Reserve. Vict Nat 103:36–43
Koehn JD, O’Connor WG (1990) Threats to Victorian native freshwater fish. Vict Nat 107:5–12
Koehn JD, Raadik TA (1991) The Tasmanian mudfish, Galaxias cleaveri Scott, 1934, in Victoria. Proc R Soc Vict 103:77–86
Kolar CS, Lodge DM (2001) Progress in invasion biology: predicting invaders. Trends Ecol Evol 16:199–204
Koster WM (2003) Threatened fishes of the world: Galaxiella pusilla (Mack, 1936) (Galaxiidae). Environ Biol Fish 68:268
Krueger CC, May B (1991) Ecological and genetic effects of salmonid introductions in North America. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 48(suppl. 1):66–77
Kuiter R (2003) More on Galaxias fuscus. Fishes of Sahul 17:976–977
Kusabs IA (1989) The biology and general ecology of the koaro Galaxias brevipinnis in some tributary streams of Lake Taupo. Unpublished MSc Thesis, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 141 pp
Kusabs IA, Swales S (1991) Diet and food resource partitioning in koaro (Galaxias brevipinnis Günther) and juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Richardson), in two Taupo streams, New Zealand. N Z J Mar Freshwater Res 25:317–325
Lake JS (1971) Freshwater fishes and rivers of Australia. Nelson, Melbourne, 61 pp
Lake PS (1998) After the inundation: long-term changes in the fauna of Lake Pedder, Tasmania, Australia. In: McComb AJ (ed) Wetlands for the future. Gleneagles Publishing, Australia, pp 565–578
Lake PS (2001) The fauna of Lake Pedder – changes after the flooding and thoughts on restoration. In: Sharples C (ed) Lake Pedder: values and restoration. Cent Environ Stud Univ Tasman Occ Public 27:87–97
Lake PS (2003) Ecological effects of perturbation by drought in flowing waters. Freshwater Biol 48:1161–1172
Langdon JS (1989) Experimental transmission and pathogenicity of epizootic haematopoetic necrosis virus (EHN) in redfin perch (Perca fluviatilis) and eleven other teleosts. J Fish Dis 12:295–310
Lapsley P (1993) Alas, poor zebra. Salmon, Trout and Sea Trout October 1993, pp 64–67
Lassuy DR (1995) Introduced species as a factor in extinction and endangerment of native fish species. Am Fish Soc Symp 15:391–396
Lee CE (2002) Evolutionary genetics of invasive species. Trends Ecol Evol 17:386–391
Lee DA, McDowall RM, Lindqvist JK (Submitted) Miocene Galaxias (Teleostei: Galaxiidae) from lake deposits, Otago, New Zealand: systematics, taphonomy, palaeoecology, biogeography. Zool J Linn Soc
Legendre P, Legendre V (1984) Postglacial dispersal of freshwater fishes in the Quebec Peninsula. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 41:1781–1802
Leidy RA, Moyle PB (1998) Conservation status of the world’s freshwater fish fauna: an overview. In: Fielder PL, Karieva PM (eds) Conservation biology for the coming decade. Chapman and Hall, New York, pp 187–227
Leopold A (1949) A sand country almanac and sketches here and there. Oxford University Press, New York, 226 pp
Lever C (n.d) Naturalized fishes of the world. Academic, London, 408 pp
Lichatowich JA (1999) Salmon without rivers. Island Press, Washington, 317 pp
Ling N (2001) Mudfishes – a guide. Department of Conservation/University of Waikato, Hamilton, 21 pp
Ling N, Gleeson DM (2001) A new species of mudfish, Neochanna (Teleostei: Galaxiidae) from northern New Zealand. J R Soc N Z 31:385–392
Ling N, Willis K (2000) Impacts of mosquitofish on black mudfish. N Z Limnol Soc Newslett 35:70
Ling N, Gleeson DM, Willis KJ, Binzegger SU (2001) Creating and destroying species; the ‘new’ biodiversity and evolutionary significant units among New Zealand’s galaxiid fishes. J Fish Biol 59(suppl. A):209–222
Lintermans M (1993) Oriental weatherloach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus in the Cotter River: a new population in the Canberra region. ACT Parks Conserv Serv Tech Rep 4:1–22
Lintermans M (2000) Recolonization by the mountain galaxias Galaxias olidus of a mountain stream after eradication of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Mar Freshwater Res 51:799–804
Lintermans M, Raadik T (2003) Local eradication of trout from streams using rotenone: the Australian experience. In: Managing invasive freshwater fish in New Zealand: Proceedings of a workshop hosted by Department of Conservation, 10–12 May, 2001, Hamilton. Department of Conservation, Wellington, pp 95–111
Lintermans M, Rutzou T, Kukolic K (1990) The status, distribution and possible impacts of the oriental weatherloach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus in the Ginninderra Creek catchment. ACT Parks Conserv Serv Res Rep 2:1–28
Littlejohn P (2000) A fish called wander. ANGFA News 2:1
Littlejohn P (2001) The little Aussie battler. Fishes Sahul 15(4):803
Llewellyn LC (1983) The distribution of fish in New South Wales. Aust Soc Limnol Spec Publ 7:1–23
Lloyd LN, Walker KF (1986) Distribution and conservation status of small freshwater fish in the River Murray, South Australia. Trans R Soc S Aust 110:49–57
Lodge DM (1993) Biological invasions: lessons for ecologists. Trends Ecol Evol 8:133–137
Loope LL, Mueller-Dombois D (1989) Characteristics of invaded islands, with special reference to Hawaii. In: Drake JA, Mooney HA, Castri F di, Groves RH, Kruger FJ, Rejmánek M, Williamson M (eds), Biological invasions: a global perspective. Wiley, New York, pp 257–280
Low T (2002) The new nature: winners and losers in wild Australia. Viking, Camberwell, 378 pp
Lowe S, Browne M, Boudjelas S (n.d.) 100 of the world’s worst invasive alien species: a selection from the global invasive species database. IUCN Invasive Species Specialist Group, Auckland, 11 pp
Lucas AHS (1892) A new species of fresh-water fish from Lake Nigothoruk, Mount Wellington, Victoria. Proc R Soc Vict 4:27–28
Lundberg JG, Kottelat M, Smith GR, Stiassny MLJ, Gill AC (2000) So many fishes, so little time: an overview of recent ichthyological discoveries in continental waters. Ann Miss Bot Gard 87:26–62
Lynch DD (1966) Rare or endangered species of freshwater fish. Rep Tasm Inl Fish Comm 1966:14
Lynch DD (1967) Grayling. Rep Tasm Inl Fish Comm 1967:20
Lynch DD (1968a) Australian grayling. Rep Tasm Inl Fish Comm 1968:31
Lynch DD (1968b) Acclimatisation of Australian smelt. Rep Tas Inl Fish Comm 1968:30–31
Lynch DD (1969a) Australian grayling. Rep Tasm Inl Fish Comm 1969:21
Lynch DD (1969b) Acclimatisation of Australian smelt. Rep Tas Inl Fish Comm 1969:21
Lynch DD (1971) Indigenous freshwater species. Rep Tasm Inl Fish Comm 1971:21
Lynch DD (1972) Lakes Pedder and Gordon. Rep Tasm Inl Fish Comm 1972:14
Lynch DD (1974) Australian grayling. Rep Tasm Inl Fish Comm 1973:18
Lynch DD (1976) Smelt. Rep Tasm Inl Fish Comm 1976:11
Lynch DD (1977) Lower Gordon fish survey. Rep Tasm Inl Fish Comm 1977:13–14
Lynch DD (1979a) Australian grayling. Rep Tasm Inl Fish Comm 1979:13
Lynch DD (1979b) Whitebait. Rep Tasm Inl Fish Comm 1979:14
Lynch DD (1981) Australian grayling. Rep Tasm Inl Fish Comm 1981:17
Lynch DD (1982) Australian grayling. Rep Tasm Inl Fish Comm 1982:18
Lynch DD (1983) Endangered species of freshwater fish. Rep Tasm Inl Fish Comm 1983:17
Lynch DD (1984) Lake Pedder Galaxias. Rep Tasm Inl Fish Comm 1984:19
Lynch K 2005. PhD on gambusia in Tassie. Aust Soc Fish Biol Newslett 35(1):43–44
McAllister DE, Hamilton AL, Harvey B (1997) Global biodiversity: striving for the integrity of freshwater ecosystems. Sea Wind: Bull Ocean Voice Int 11:1–140
Macchi PJ, Cussac VE, Alonso MF, Denegri MA (1999) Predation relationships between introduced salmonids and the native fish fauna in lakes and reservoirs in northern Patagonia. Ecol Freshwater Fish 8:227–236
McCaskill M (1954) The Poutini coast: a geography of Maori settlement in Westland. N Z Geogr 10:134–150
MacCrimmon (1971) World distribution of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). J Fish Res Bd Can 28:663–674
MacCrimmon HR, Marshall TC (1968) World distribution of brown trout (Salmo trutta) J Fish Res Bd Can 25:2527–2548
Mack (1996) Predicting the identity and fate of plant invaders: emergent and emerging approaches. Biol Conserv 78:107–121
McDowall RM (1964) The affinities and derivation of the New Zealand fresh-water fish fauna. Tuatara 12:59–67
McDowall RM (1966) Further observations on Galaxias whitebait and their relation to the distribution of the Galaxiidae. Tuatara 14:12–18
McDowall RM (1967) New landlocked fish species of the genus Galaxias from North Auckland, New Zealand. Breviora 265:1–11
McDowall RM (1968a) The status of Nesogalaxias neocaledonicus (Weber and de Beaufort) (Pisces: Galaxiidae). Breviora 286:1–8
McDowall RM (1968b) The proposed introduction of the largemouth black bass Micropterus salmoides (Lacépède) into New Zealand. N Z J Mar Freshwater Res 2:149–161
McDowall RM (1968c) Interactions of the native and alien faunas of New Zealand and the problem of fish introductions. Trans Am Fish Soc 97:1–11
McDowall RM (1968d) Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns), the New Zealand whitebait. N Z Mar Dept Fish Res Bull 2:1–84
McDowall RM (1969) Relationships of galaxioid fishes, with a further discussion of salmoniform classification. Copeia 1969:796–824
McDowall RM (1970) The galaxiid fishes of New Zealand. Bull Mus Comp Zool, Harv Univ 139:341–431
McDowall RM (1971a) Fishes of the family Aplochitonidae. J R Soc N Z 1:31–52
McDowall RM (1971b) The galaxiid fishes of South America. Zool J Linn Soc 50:33–73
McDowall RM (1972) The species problem in freshwater fishes and the taxonomy of diadromous and lacustrine populations of Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns). J R Soc N Z 2:325–367
McDowall RM (1973a) The status of the South African galaxiid (Pisces: Galaxiidae). Ann Cape Prov Mus, Nat Hist 9:91–101
McDowall RM (1973b) Galaxias indicus – a nomen dubium. J R Soc N Z 3:191–192
McDowall RM (1973c) Limitation of the genus Brachygalaxias Eigenmann, 1928 (Pisces: Galaxiidae). J R Soc N Z 3:193–197
McDowall RM (1974) Specialization in the dentition of the southern graylings – genus Prototroctes (Galaxioidei: Prototroctidae). J Fish Biol 6:209–213
McDowall RM (1975) Reclamation and swamp drainage – their impact on fish and fisheries. N Z Min Agric Fish, Fish Res Div Info Leafl 6:1–13
McDowall RM (1976a) Fishes of the family Prototroctidae. Aust J Mar Freshwater Res 27:641–659
McDowall RM (1976b) Notes on some Galaxias fossils from the Pliocene of New Zealand. J R Soc N Z 6:17–22
McDowall RM (1978a) New Zealand freshwater fishes – a guide and natural history. Heinemann, Auckland, 230 pp
McDowall RM (1978b) Generalized tracks and dispersal in biogeography. Syst Zool 27:88–104
McDowall RM (1978c) Sexual dimorphism in an Australian galaxiid. Aust Zool 19:309–314
McDowall RM (1978d) A new genus and species of galaxiid fish from Australia (Salmoniformes: Galaxiidae). J R Soc N Z 8:115–124
McDowall RM (1979) Fishes of the family Retropinnidae (Pisces: Salmoniformes) – a taxonomic revision and synopsis. J R Soc N Z 9:85–121
McDowall RM (1980) Charles Douglas explorer: his notes on freshwater fishes. J R Soc N Z 10:311–324
McDowall RM (1981) Freshwater fish in Fiordland National Park. N Z Min Agric Fish, Fish Environ Rep 12:1–31
McDowall RM (1983) Nothing new under the sun. Freshwater Catch (NZ) 19:15–17
McDowall RM (1984a) The New Zealand whitebait book. Reed, Wellington, 210 pp
McDowall RM (1984b) Southern Hemisphere freshwater salmoniforms: development and relationships. Am Soc Ichthyol Herpetol Spec Publ 1:150–153
McDowall RM (1988) Diadromy in fishes: migrations between freshwater and marine environments. Croom Helm, London, 309 pp
McDowall RM (1990a) When galaxiid and salmonid fishes meet – a family reunion in New Zealand. J Fish Biol 37(suppl A):35–43
McDowall RM (1990b) New Zealand freshwater fishes: a natural history and guide. Heinemann Reed, Auckland, 553 pp
McDowall RM (1992a) Particular problems for the conservation of diadromous fishes. Aquat Conserv Mar Freshwater Ecosyst 2:351–355
McDowall RM (1992b) I can remember the grayling. Freshwater Catch (NZ) 49:17–18
McDowall RM (1994a) Gamekeepers for the nation: the story of New Zealand’s acclimatisation societies, 1861–1990. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch, 512 pp
McDowall RM (1994b) Changes in the West Coast whitebait fishing season and the seasonal distribution of catch. NIWA Consult Rep DOCSCJ135, 1–5
McDowall RM (1996a) Volcanism and freshwater fish biogeography in the northeastern North Island of New Zealand. J Biogeogr 23:139–148
McDowall RM (1996b) Diadromy and the assembly and restoration of riverine fish communities: a downstream view. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 53(suppl 1):219–236
McDowall RM (1996c) Family Aplochitonidae – Tasmanian whitebait. In: McDowall RM (ed), Freshwater fishes of southeastern Australia, 2nd edn. Reed, Sydney, pp 78–80
McDowall RM (1996d) Family Retropinnidae – southern smelts. In: McDowall RM (ed), Freshwater fishes of southeastern Australia, 2nd edn. Reed, Sydney, pp 92–95
McDowall RM (1997a) The evolution of diadromy in fishes (revisited) and its place in phylogenetic analysis. Rev Fish Biol Fish 7:443–462
McDowall RM (1997b) Two further new species of Galaxias (Teleostei: Galaxiidae) from the Taieri River, southern New Zealand. J R Soc N Z 27:199–217
McDowall RM (1997c) Indigenous vegetation type and the distribution of shortjawed kokopu, Galaxias postvectis (Teleostei: Galaxiidae). N Z J Zool 24:243–255
McDowall RM (1997d) Affinities, generic classification, and biogeography of the Australian and New Zealand mudfishes (Salmoniformes: Galaxiidae). Rec Aust Mus 49:121–137
McDowall RM (1997e) An accessory lateral line in some New Zealand and Australian galaxiids (Teleostei: Galaxiidae). Ecol Freshwater Fish 6:217–224
McDowall RM (1998a) Fighting the flow: downstream-upstream linkages in the ecology of diadromous fish faunas in West Coast, New Zealand, rivers. Freshwater Biol 40:111–122
McDowall RM (1998b) Once were wetlands. Fish and Game N Z 20:31–39
McDowall RM (1998c) Phylogenetic relationships and ecomorphological divergence in sympatric and allopatric species of Paragalaxias (Teleostei, Galaxiidae) in high elevation Tasmanian lakes. Environ Biol Fish 53:235–237
McDowall RM (1998d) Salmons and their allies. In: Paxton JR, Eschmeyer WN (eds) Encyclopedia of fishes: a comprehensive illustrated guide by international experts. Academic, San Deigo, pp 113–118
McDowall RM (1999a) Different kinds of diadromy: different conservation problems. ICES J Mar Sci 56:410–413
McDowall RM (1999b) Just hanging around for some fresh air, thanks! Survival adaptations of the mudfish. Water Atmos 7(2):7–8
McDowall RM (1999c) What happened to the Selwyn? Fish Game NZ 26:28–34
McDowall RM (2000a) The Reed field guide to New Zealand freshwater fishes. Reed, Auckland, 224 pp
McDowall RM (2000b) Biogeography of the southern cool-temperate galaxioid fishes: evidence from metazoan macroparasite faunas. J Biogeogr 27:1221–1229
McDowall RM (2000c) Letter to editor about Galaxias truttaceus in the Murray-Darling River system. ANGFA News 3:5
McDowall RM (2001) How many species of Galaxias are there in South Africa? Ichthos 67:10–11
McDowall RM (2002a) The origin of the salmonid fishes: marine, freshwater … or neither? Rev Fish Biol Fish 11:171–179
McDowall RM (2002b) Like a thief in the night. Fish Game N Z 37:34–36
McDowall RM (2002c) Accumulating evidence for a dispersal biogeography of southern cool temperate freshwater fishes. J Biogeogr 29:207–220
McDowall RM (2003a) The key to climbing in the koaro. Water Atmos 11(1):16–17
McDowall RM (2003b) Impacts of introduced salmonids on native galaxiids in New Zealand upland streams – a new look at an old problem. Trans Am Fish Soc 139:229–238
McDowall RM (2003c) Wagging their tails behind them. Fish Game N Z 41:70–75
McDowall RM (2003d) Variation in vertebral number in galaxiid fishes (Teleostei: Galaxiidae): a legacy of life history, latitude and length. Environ Biol Fish 66:361–381
McDowall RM (2004a) The Chatham Islands galaxiid: a Neochanna mudfish. J R Soc N Z 34:315–331
McDowall RM (2004b). Shoot first and then ask questions: a look at aquarium fish imports and invasiveness in New Zealand. N Z J Mar Freshwater Res 38:503–510
McDowall RM (2004c) Vertebral variation in galaxiid fishes, how fish swim, and a possible reason for pleomerism. Rev Fish Biol Fish 13:247–263
McDowall RM (2005a) You must be joking: R.M. McDowall enters the smallmouth bass debate. Fish Game NZ 48:10
McDowall RM (2005b) Bush tucker Charlie’s way. Fish Game NZ 50:48–55
McDowall RM, Allibone RM (1994) Possible competitive exclusion of common river galaxias (Galaxias vulgaris) by koaro (G. brevipinnis) following impoundment of the Waipori River, Otago, New Zealand. J R Soc N Z 24:161–168
McDowall RM, Allibone RM (2004) Threatened fishes of the world: Galaxias cobitinis McDowall and Waters, 2002 (Galaxiidae). Environ Biol Fish 70:42
McDowall RM, Chadderton WL (1999) Galaxias gollumoides (Teleostei: Galaxiidae), a new fish species from Stewart Island, with notes on other non-migratory freshwater fishes present on the island. J R Soc N Z 29:77–88
McDowall RM, Charteris SC (2006) The possible adaptive advantages of terrestrial egg deposition in some fluvial diadromous galaxiid fishes (Teleostei: Galaxiidae). Fish Fish 7:153–164
McDowall RM, Eldon GA (1980) The ecology of whitebait migrations (Galaxiidae, Galaxias spp.). N Z Min Agric Fish, Fish Res Bull 20:1–171
McDowall RM, Frankenberg RS (1981) The galaxiid fishes of Australia. Rec Aust Mus 33:443–605
McDowall RM, Fulton W (1978) A revision of the genus Paragalaxias Scott Salmoniformes: Galaxiidae). Aust J Mar Freshwater Res 29:93–108
McDowall RM, Fulton W (1996) Family Galaxiidae – galaxiids. In: McDowall RM (ed) Freshwater fishes of southeastern Australia, 2nd edn. Reed, Sydney, pp 52–77
McDowall RM, Hewitt J (2003) A search for morphological attributes for identifying species and lineages in the roundhead and flathead morphotypes of the Canterbury-Otago non-migratory Galaxias species complex: DOC Unprogrammed Science advice projects ##NMG–001 and 002. NIWA Client Rep. CHC2003-061, 1–17
McDowall RM, James GD (2005) Freshwater aquarium fish imports and invasiveness: A New Zealand evaluation. NIWA Client Report CHC2005-052, 1–202
McDowall RM, Kelly GR (1999) Date and age at migration in juvenile giant kokopu, Galaxias argenteus (Gmelin) (Teleostei: Galaxiidae) and estimation of spawning season. N Z J Mar Freshwater Res 33:263–270
McDowall RM, Lee DE (2005) Probable perciform fish scales from a Miocene freshwater lake deposit, Central Otago, New Zealand. J R Soc NZ 35:339–344
McDowall RM, Nakaya K (1987) Identity of the galaxioid fishes of the genus Aplochiton Jenyns from southern Chile. Jap J Ichthyol 34:377–383
McDowall RM, Pankhurst NW (2004) Loss of negative eye-size allometry in a population of Aplochiton zebra (Teleostei: Galaxiidae) from the Falkland Islands. N Z J Zool 32:23–27
McDowall RM, Pole M (1997) A large galaxiid fossil (Teleostei) from the Miocene of Central Otago, New Zealand. J R Soc N Z 27:193–198
McDowall RM, Pusey BJ (1983) Lepidogalaxias salamandroides Mees – a redescription and natural history notes. Rec West Aust Mus 11:11–23
McDowall RM, Richardson J (1983) The New Zealand freshwater fish survey: a guide to input and output. N Z Min Agric Fish, Fish Res Div Info Leafl 12:1–15
McDowall RM, Rowe DK (1996) Threatened fishes of the world: Galaxias gracilis McDowall, 1967 (Galaxiidae). Environ Biol Fish 46:280
McDowall RM, Wallis GP (1996) Description and redescription of Galaxias species (Teleostei: Galaxiidae) from Otago and Southland. J R Soc N Z 26:401–427
McDowall RM, Waters JM (2002) A new longjaw galaxias species (Teleostei: Galaxiidae) from the Kauru River, North Otago, New Zealand. N Z J Zool 29:41–52
McDowall RM, Waters JM (2003) A new species of Galaxias (Teleostei: Galaxiidae) from the Mackenzie Basin, New Zealand. J R Soc N Z 33:675–691
McDowall RM, Waters JM (2004) Phylogenetic relationships in a small group of diminutive galaxiid fishes and the evolution of sexual dimorphism. J R Soc N Z 34:23–57
McDowall RM, Clark BM, Wright GJ, Northcote TG (1993) Trans-2-cis-6-nonadienal: the cause of cucumber odor in osmerid and retropinnid smelts. Trans Am Fish Soc 122:144–147
McDowall RM, Mitchell CP, Brothers EB (1994) Age at migration from the sea of juvenile Galaxias in New Zealand (Pisces: Galaxiidae). Bull Mar Sci 54:385–402
McDowall RM, Eldon GA, Bonnett ML, Sykes JRE (1996a) Critical habitats for the conservation of shortjawed kokopu, Galaxias postvectis Clarke. Conserv Sci Publ 6:1–80
McDowall RM, Main MR, West DW, Lyon GL (1996b) Terrestrial and benthic foods in the diet of the shortjawed kokopu, Galaxias postvectis Clarke (Teleostei: Galaxiidae). N Z J Mar Freshwater Res 30:257–269
McDowall RM, Allibone RM, Chadderton WL (2001) Issues for the conservation and management of Falkland Islands freshwater fishes. Aquat Conserv Mar Freshwater Ecosyst 11:473–486
McDowall RM, Allibone RM, Chadderton WL (2005) Falkland Islands freshwater fishes: a natural history. Falklands Conservation, Stanley, 102 pp
McIntosh AR (2000a) Habitat and size-related variations in exotic trout impacts on native galaxiid fishes in New Zealand streams. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 57:2140–2151
McIntosh AR (2000b) Aquatic predator–prey interactions. In: Collier KJ, Winterbourn MJ (eds), New Zealand stream invertebrates: ecology and implications for management. New Zealand Limnological Society, Christchurch, pp 125–156
McIntosh AR (2002) Impacts of introduced trout on Nesameletus mayfly populations measured using electrofishing. Arch Hydrobiol 154:375–392
McIntosh AR, Townsend CR (1995) Contrasting predation risks presented by introduced brown trout and native common river galaxias in New Zealand streams. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 52:1821–1833
McIntosh AR, Townsend CR (1996) Interactions between fish, grazing invertebrates and algae in a New Zealand stream: a trophic cascade mediated by fish-induced changes to grazing behaviour? Oecologia 108:174–181
McIntosh AR, Townsend CR (1998) Do different predators affect distance, direction and destination of movements by a stream mayfly? Can J Fish Aquat Sci 55:1954–1960
McIntosh AR, Crowl TA, Townsend CR (1994) Size-related impacts of introduced brown trout on the distribution of native common river galaxias. N Z J Mar Freshwater Res 28:135–144
McKay RJ (1977) The aquarium fish industry and the possibility of the introduction of exotic fish species and diseases. Fish Div Dept Prim Ind, Fish Pap 25:1–36
McKenzie J (2004) Bass and our political pendulum. Fish Game NZ 46:28–32
McMillan HM (1961) An addition to the knowledge of the fish Retropinna anisodon Stockell (Retropinnidae). Trans R Soc N Z Zool 1:139–144
McVeigh SJ (1977a) The ecology of the Cape galaxias, Galaxias zebratus. Cape Provincial Administration. South Africa, Department of Nature and Environmental Conservation, 33 pp
McVeigh SJ (1977b) Galaxias minnow – a trout food. Piscator 99:7
Magnuson JJ (1976) Managing with exotics: a game of chance. Trans Am Fish Soc 105:1–9
Main MR (1988) Factors influencing the distribution of kokopu and koaro (Pisces: Galaxiidae). Unpublished MSc Thesis, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 127 pp
Main MR, Lyon GL (1988) Contributions of terrestrial prey to the diet of the banded kokopu (Galaxias fasciatus) in South Westland, New Zealand. Verh Int Ver Theor Angew Limnol 23:1785–1789
Main MR, Winterbourn MJ (1987) Diet and feeding of koaro (Galaxias brevipinnis) in forested South Westland streams. Mauri Ora 14:77–86
Main MR, Nicoll GJ, Eldon GA (1985) Distribution and biology of freshwater fishes in the Cook River to Paringa River area, South Westland. N Z Min Agric Fish, Fish Environ Rep 60:1–142
Maitland PS, Campbell RN (1992) Freshwater fishes of the British Isles. Harper Collins, London, 368 pp
Marchetti MP, Moyle PB, Levine R (2004) Invasive species profiling? Exploring the characteristics of non-native fishes across invasion stages in California. Freshwater Biol 49:646–661
Matthew WD (1915) Climate and evolution. Ann N Y Acad Sci 24:171–318
Meffe GK, Carroll CR (1997) Principles of conservation biology. Sinauer, Sunderland, Mass, 600 pp
Meredith AS, Davie PS, Forster ME (1982) Oxygen uptake by the skin of the Canterbury mudfish, Neochanna burrowsius. N Z J Zool 9:387–390
Merrick JR, Schmida GE (1984) Australian freshwater fishes: biology and management. Publ. Author, Sydney, 409 pp
Michaelis FB (1986) Conservation of Australian aquatic fauna. In: Decker P de, Williams WD (eds) Limnology in Australia. Junk, Dordrecht, pp 599–613
Milano D, Vigliano PH (1997) Nuevos registros de Galaxias platei Steindachner, 1898 en lagos andino-patagonicos (Teleostei: Osmeriformes: Galaxiidae). Neotropica 43:109–111
Milano D, Cussac VE, Macchi PJ, Ruzzante DE, Alonso MF, Vigliano PH, Denegri MA (2002) Predator-associated morphology in Galaxias platei in Patagonian lakes. J Fish Biol 61:138–156
Miller RR (1977) International union for the conservation of nature and natural resources red data book vol 4. Fishes. IUCN, Morges, unpaged
Miller RR, Williams JD, Williams JE (1989) Extinction of North American fishes during the past century. Fisheries 14(6):22–39
Milner AM, Bailey RG (1989) Salmonid colonization of new streams in Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska. Aquacult Fish Mangt 20:179–192
Milward N (1966) Development of the eggs and early larvae of the Australian smelt Retropinna semoni (Weber). Proc Linn Soc N S W 90:218–221
Minckley WL, Meffe GK (1987) Differential selection of flooding in stream-fish communities of the arid American southwest. In: Matthews WJ, Heins DC (eds) Community and evolutionary ecology of North American fishes. University of Oklahoma, Norman, pp 93–104
Minns CK (1990) Patterns of distribution and association of freshwater fish in New Zealand. N Z J Mar Freshwater Res 24:31–44
Mitchell CP (1995) A new species of Galaxias (Pisces: Galaxiidae) from Chatham Island, New Zealand. J R Soc N Z 25:89–93
Mitchell CP, Penlington BP (1982) Spawning of Galaxias fasciatus Gray (Salmoniformes: Galaxiidae). N Z J Mar Freshwater Res 16:131–133
Moller H, Townsend CR, Ragg JR, Bannister P (1993) Invasions and environmental impacts of new organisms: can they be predicted? Univ Otago Environ Policy Manage Res Centre Res Rep 2:1–129
Molloy J, Davis A (1992) Setting priorities for the conservation of New Zealand’s threatened plants and animals. Department of Conservation, Wellington, 44 pp
Moor IJ de, Bruton MN (1988) Atlas of alien and translocated indigenous aquatic animals in southern Africa. S Afr Nat Sci Prog Rep 144:1–308
Morgan DL (2003) Distribution and biology of Galaxias truttaceus (Galaxiidae) in south-western Australia, including first evidence of parasitism of fishes in Western Australia by Ligula intestinalis (Cestoda). Environ Biol Fish 66:155–167
Morgan D, Gill H, Potter I (1996) Distribution of freshwater fish in the south-western corner of Australia. Water Res Tech Ser, Water Rivers Commun Rep WRT 4:1–75
Morgan DL, Gill HS, Potter IC (1998) Distribution, identification and biology of freshwater fishes in south-western Australia. Rec West Aust Mus, Suppl 56:1–97
Morgan DL, Hambleton SJ, Gill HS, Beatty SJ (2002) Distribution, biology and likely impacts of the introduced redfin perch (Perca fluviatilis) (Percidae) in Western Australia. Mar Freshwater Res 53:1211–1221
Morison AK, Anderson JR (1990) Galaxias brevipinnis in north-eastern Victoria – a new species introduced to the Murray-Darling basin. Newslett Aust Soc Fish Biol 20(2):26
Morris SA, Pollard DA, Gehrke PC, Pogonoski JJ (2000) Conservation assessment of threatened and potentially threatened freshwater fishes of coastal New South Wales and the Murray–Darling Basin: report to the Worldwide Fund for Nature and Fisheries Action. New South Wales Fisheries Office of Conservation. New South Wales Fisheries, Sydney, 62 pp
Moss GB (1958) Upokororo: New Zealand’s mystery fish. Ammohouse Bull 1(5):5
Moyle PB (1986) Fish introductions into North America: patterns and ecological impact. In: Mooney HA, Drake JA (eds) Ecology of biological invasions of North America and Hawaii. Springer, New York, pp 27–43
Moyle PB (1997) The importance of an historical perspective. Fisheries 22(10):15
Moyle PB, Leidy RA (1992) Loss of biodiversity in aquatic ecosystems: evidence from the fish fauna. In: Fielder PL, Jain SK (eds) Conservation biology: the theory and practice of nature conservation, preservation and management. Chapman and Hall, New York, pp 127–170
Murillo V, Ruiz VH (2002) El puye Galaxias globiceps Eigenmann, 1927 (Osteichthyes: Galaxiidae): Una especie en peligro de extinctión? Gayana 66:191–197
Myers GS (1965) Gambusia, the fish destroyer. Trop Fish Hobbyist 15(3):31–32, 53–54
Navas JR (1987) Los vertebrados exoticos introducidos en la Argentina. Rev Mus Arg Cienc Nat Bernad Riv Zool 14:7–38
Nelson JS (1994) Fishes of the world, 3rd edn. Wiley, New York, 600 pp
Nelson JS (2006) Fishes of the world, 4th edn. Wiley, New York, 601 pp
Nolan C (1993) The history of Falkland Islands trout. The Warrah: Newslett Falklands Conserv 4:3
Norman JR (1935) Coast fishes. Part I. The South Atlantic. Disc Rep 12:1–58
Northcote TG, Ward FJ (1985) Lake resident and migratory smelt, Retropinna retropinna (Richardson), of the lower Waikato River system. N Z J Mar Freshwater Res 17:113–129
Northcote TG, Hendy CH, Nelson CS, Boubée JAT (1992) Tests for migratory history of the New Zealand common smelt Retropinna retropinna (Richardson) using oxygen isotopic composition. Ecol Freshwater Fish 1:61–72
Northey R (1994) Report of the Regulations Review Committee on a complaint relating to the Whitebait Fishing (West Coast) Regulations 1994. First Session, Forty-Fourth Parliament. New Zealand House of Representatives, 26 pp
Nystrom P, McIntosh AR (2003) Are impacts of an exotic predator on a stream food web influenced by disturbance history? Oecologia 136:279–288
O’Brien L (2003) Canterbury mudfish (Neochanna burrowsius) – conservation within agricultural waterways. New Zealand Conservation Management Group Annual Conference Proceedings 2002, Christchurch, pp 78–79
O’Brien L (2005) The conservation ecology of Canterbury mudfish (Neochanna burrowsius). Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 242 pp
O’Connor WG, Koehn JD (1998) Spawning of the broad-finned galaxias, Galaxias brevipinnis Günther (Pisces: Galaxiidae), in coastal streams of southeastern Australia. Ecol Freshwater Fish 7:95–100
O’Connor JP, Mahoney JC (2000) Increased river discharge as the final cue to the onset of spawning in Australian grayling, Prototroctes maraena. Abstr Aust Soc Fish Biol Workshop Ann Conf Albury, NSW, 7–12 Aug. 2000, p 90
O’Connor JP, Mahoney JC (2004) Observations of ovarian involution in the Australian grayling (Prototroctes maraena). Ecol Freshwater Fish 13:70–73
Okada Y (1960) Studies on the freshwater fishes of Japan. Prefectural University of Mie, Tsu, 860 pp
Oldfield S (1999) Biodiversity: the UK overseas territories. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough, 131 pp
Ortubay SG, Semenas LG, Ubeda CA, Quagiotti AE, Viozzi GP (1994) Catalogo de peces dulceacuicolas de la Patagonia Argentina y sus parasitos metazoos. Direccion de Pesca Subsecretaria de Recursos Naturales. San Carlos de Bariloche, Provincia de Rio Negro, 110 pp
Ovenden JR, White RWG (1990) Mitochondrial and allozyme genetics of incipient speciation in a landlocked population of Galaxias truttaceus (Pisces: Galaxiidae). Genetics 124:701–716
Ovenden JR, White RWG, Adam M (1993) Mitochondrial and allozyme genetics of two Tasmanian galaxiids (G. auratus and G. tanycephalus), (Pisces, Galaxiidae) with restricted lacustrine distributions. Heredity 70:223–230
Paine RT (1969) A note on trophic complexity and community stability. Am Nat 100:65–75
Paine RT (1974) Intertidal community structure: experimental studies on the relationship between a dominant competitor and its principal predator. Oecologia 15:93–120
Park G (1995) Nga Uruora – the groves of life: ecology and history in a New Zealand landscape. Victoria University Press, Wellington, 376 pp
Park G (2002) Swamps which might doubtless be drained: swamp drainage and its impact on the indigenous biota. In: Pawson E, Brooking T (eds) Environmental histories of New Zealand. Oxford University Press, Melbourne, pp 151–165
Pascoe J (ed) (1957) Mr Explorer Douglas. Reed, Wellington, 331 pp
Pascual M, Bentzen P, Rossi CR, Mackey G, Kinnison MT, Walker R (2001) First documented case of anadromy in a population of introduced rainbow trout in Patagonia, Argentina. Trans Am Fish Soc 130:53–67
Pascual M, Macchi P, Urbanski J, Marcos F, Riva Rossi C, Novara M, Dell’Arcipetre P (2002) Evaluating potential effects of exotic freshwater fish from incomplete species presence-absence data. Biol Invasions 4:101–113
Pen LJ, Potter IC (1991a) Biology of the western minnow, Galaxias occidentalis Ogilby (Teleostei: Galaxiidae), in a south-western Australian river. 1. Reproductive biology. Hydrobiologia 211:77–88
Pen LJ, Potter IC (1991b) Biology of the western minnow, Galaxias occidentalis Ogilby (Teleostei: Galaxiidae), in a south-western Australian river. 2. Size and age composition, growth and diet. Hydrobiologia 211:89–100
Pen LJ, Potter IC (1992) Seasonal and size-related changes in the diet of perch, Perca fluviatilis L., in the shallows of an Australian river, and their implications for the conservation of indigenous teleosts. Aquat Conserv Mar Freshwater Ecosyst 2:243–253
Pen LJ, Potter IC, Hilliard RW (1991) Biology of Galaxiella munda McDowall (Teleostei: Galaxiidae), including a comparison of the reproductive strategies of this and three other local species. J Fish Biol 39:717–731
Penniman TK (1938) The old-time Maori – Makeriti. New Women’s Press, Auckland, 352 pp
Peterson DP, Fausch KD (2004) Upstream movement by non-native brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) promotes invasion of native cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki) habitat. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 60:1502–1516
Phillipps WJ (1923) The life history of the New Zealand grayling, Prototroctes oxyrhynchus. N Z J Sci Tech 6:115–117
Phillipps WJ (1924) Food supply and deterioration of trout in the thermal lakes district, North Island, New Zealand. Trans Proc N Z Inst 55:381–391
Phillipps WJ (1926) Additional notes on New Zealand fresh-water fishes. N Z J Sci Tech 8:289–298
Phillipps WJ (1940a) The fishes of New Zealand. Avery, New Plymouth, 87 pp
Phillipps WJ (1940b) Our native grayling. N Z Pub Serv J November, 1940:711
Pimm SL (2001) The world according to Pimm: a scientist audits the earth. McGraw-Hill, New York, 285 pp
Pollard DA (1974) The biology of a landlocked form of the normally catadromous salmoniform fish Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns). VI. Effects of cestode and nematode parasites. Aust J Mar Freshwater Res 25:105–120
Poulin R, Mouillot D (2003) Host introductions and the geography of parasite taxonomic diversity. J Biogeogr 30:837–845
Pulliam HR (1988) Sources, sinks and population regulation. Am Nat 43:187–193
Pusey BJ (1986) The effect of starvation on oxygen consumption and nitrogen excretion in Lepidogalaxias salamandroides Mees. J Comp Biochem Physiol B 156:701–705
Pusey BJ (1989) Aestivation in the teleost fish Lepidogalaxias salamandroides Mees. J Comp Biochem Physiol A 92:137–138
Pusey BJ, Bradshaw SD (1996) Diet and dietary overlap in fishes of temporary waters of southwestern Australia. Ecol Freshwater Fish 5:183–194
Pusey BJ, Stewart T (1989) Internal fertilisation in Lepidogalaxias salamandroides (Pisces: Lepidogalaxiidae). Zool J Linn Soc 97:69–79
Pusey B, Kennard M, Arthington A (2004) Freshwater fishes of north-eastern Australia. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, 684 pp
Quinn TP (1993) A review of homing and straying of wild and hatchery-produced salmon. Fish Res 18:29–44
Quinn TP, Dittman AH (1990) Pacific salmon migrations and homing: mechanisms and adaptive significance. Trends Ecol Evol 5:174–177
Raadik T (1995) A research recovery plan for the barred galaxias in southeastern Australia. Vict Dept Conserv Nat Res Fauna Flora Tech Rep 141:1–24
Raadik T (2001) When is a mountain galaxias not a mountain galaxias. Fishes Sahul 15:785–789
Raadik TA (2002) Barred galaxias recovery project 13695: Final report. Endangered Species Programme, Department of Natural Resources, Freshwater Ecology, Melbourne, 34 pp
Raadik TA (2003) Alien zone (III) Exotic Fishes Committee Report – to June 2003. Newslett Aust Soc Fish Biol 33(1):45–53
Raadik TA, Kuiter RH (2002) Kosciusko Galaxias: a story of confusion and imminent peril. Fishes Sahul 16:830–835
Raadik TA, Saddlier SR, Koehn JD (1996) Threatened fishes of the world: Galaxias fuscus (Mack, 1936) (Galaxiidae). Environ Biol Fish 47:108
Raadik TA, Koster W, Lintermans M (2005) Shame file: alien creature feature (No. 1). Oriental weatherloach. Newslett Aust Soc Fish Biol 35(1):55–58
Ramakrishnan PS, Vitousek PM (1989) Ecosystem-level processes and the consequences of biological invasions. In: Drake JA, Mooney HA, Castri F di, Groves RH, Kruger FJ, Rejmánek M, Williamson M (eds) Biological invasions: a global perspective. Wiley, New York, pp 281–300
Ramsden S, Brinkmann H, Hawryshyn CW, Taylor RS (2003) Mitogenomics and the sister of the Salmonidae. Trends Ecol Evol 18:607–610
Renowden J (1968) An ecological survey of the freshwater fish of the Otway District. Unpublished BSc Honours Thesis, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 53 pp
Rich C (1986) A morphological and electrophoretic examination of variation in the ornate mountain galaxiid, Galaxias olidus. Unpublished BSc Honours Thesis, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 86 pp
Richter BD, Braun DP, Mendelson MA, Master LL (1997) Threats to imperilled freshwater fauna. Conserv Biol 11:1081–1093
Rietz GE du (1940) Problems of bipolar plant distributions. Acta Phytogeog Suecica 13:224:240–256
Rimmer DM, Paim U, Saunders RL (1983) Autumnal shift of habitat by juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in a small river. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 40:671–680
Rimmer DM, Saunders RL, Paim U (1985) Effects of temperature and season on the position holding performance of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Can J Zool 63:92–96
Roberts J, Tilzey RDJ (eds) (1997) Controlling carp: exploring the options for Australia: proceedings of a workshop, 22–24 October 1996:Albury. CSIRO Land and Water, Canberra, 129 pp
Roberts J, Chick A, Oswald L, Thompson P (1995) Effect of carp, Cyprinus carpio L., an exotic benthivorous fish, on aquatic plants and water quality in experimental ponds. Mar Freshwater Res 46:1171–1180
Romanowski N (2004) Notes on dwarf galaxias Galaxiella pusilla. Fish Sahul 18:80–86
Romer AS (1966) Vertebrate paleontology. University of Chicago, Chicago, 468 pp
Rosen DE (1974) Phylogeny and zoogeography of salmoniform fishes and relationships of Lepidogalaxias salamandroides. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist 153:265–326
Ross ST (1991) Mechanisms structuring stream fish assemblages: are there lessons from introduced species? Environ Biol Fish 30:359–368
Rowe DK (1990) Who killed the koaro? Freshwater Catch (NZ) 43:15–18
Rowe DK (1993) Disappearance of koaro, Galaxias brevipinnis, from Lake Rotopounamu, New Zealand, following the introduction of smelt, Retropinna retropinna. Environ Biol Fish 36:329–336
Rowe DK (1994) Draft species recovery plan for dwarf inanga (Galaxias gracilis McDowall). NIWA Consultancy Rep DOC004/1:1–21
Rowe DK (1998) Management trials to restore dwarf inanga show mosquitofish a threat to native fish. Water Atmos 6(2):10–12
Rowe DK, Chisnall BL (1995) Conservation status of dwarf inanga (Galaxias gracilis) and recommendations for its future management. NIWA Sci Technol Ser 24:1–55
Rowe DK, Chisnall BL (1996) Ontogenetic habitat shifts by Galaxias gracilis (Galaxiidae) between the littoral and limnetic zones of Lake Kanono, New Zealand. Environ Biol Fish 46:255–264
Rowe DK, Chisnall BL (1997) Distribution and conservation status of the dwarf inanga Galaxias gracilis (Teleostei: Galaxiidae) an endemic fish of Northland dune lakes. J R Soc N Z 27:229–233
Rowe DK, Saxton BA, Stancliff AG (1992) Species composition of whitebait (Galaxiidae) fisheries in 12 Bay of Plenty rivers, New Zealand: evidence for river mouth selection by juvenile Galaxias brevipinnis Günther. N Z J Mar Freshwater Res 26:219–228
Rowe DK, Konui G, Christie KD (2002) Population structure, distribution, reproduction, diet, and relative abundance of koaro (Galaxias brevipinnis) in a New Zealand lake. J R Soc N Z 32:275–291
Rutherfurd AJ (1901) Notes on Salmonidae and their new home in the South Pacific. Trans Proc N Z Inst 33:240–249
Rutland J (1878) On the habits of the New Zealand grayling. Trans Proc N Z Inst 10:250–252
Rutledge MJ (1991) Adult trout diet in the lower Waitaki River and tributaries, 1983–1986. N Z Freshwater Fish Rep 126:1–18
Ruzycki JR, Beauchamp DA, Yule DL (2003) Effects of introduced lake trout on native cutthroat trout in Yellowstone Lake. Ecol Appl 13:23–37
Saddlier S, Raadik T (1995) Barred galaxias recovery plan: protection of the barred galaxias Galaxias fuscus from trout by building weirs downstream of remaining populations. Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Heidelberg, 8 pp
Sagar PM (1986) Salmonids in the southern ocean. Freshwater Catch (NZ) 30:11–13
Sagar PM, Eldon GA (1983) Food and feeding of small fish in the Rakaia River, New Zealand. N Z J Mar Freshwater Res 17:213–226
Sakai AK, Allendorf FW, Holt JS, Lodge DM, Molofsky J, With KA, Baugham S, Cabin RJ, Cohen JS, Ellstrand NC, McCauley DE, O’Neill P, Parker JM, Thompson JN, Weller SG (2001) The population biology of invasive species. Ann Rev Ecol Syst 32:305–332
Sanger AC (1988) The distribution, abundance and status of Galaxias parvus and G. pedderensis in the Lake Pedder region of the World Heritage Area, Tasmania. Tasm Inl Fish Comm Occ Rep 88.03:33–36
Sanger AC (1993) The Swan galaxias recovery plan: management phase. Inland Fisheries Commission, Hobart, 22 pp
Sanger AC (1996) Redfin perch. On the Rise 25(2):6–7
Sanger AC, Fulton W (1991) Conservation of endangered species of Tasmanian freshwater fish. Tasm Inl Fish Comm Occ Rep 91–01:1–29
Saville-Kent W (1888) On the acclimatisation of the salmon (Salmo salar) in Tasmanian waters, and upon the reported disease at the breeding establishment on the River Plenty. Pap Proc R Soc Tasm 1887:54–55
Sax D, Stachowicz JJ, Gaines SD (2005) Species invasions: insights into ecology, evolution and biogeography. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA, 480 pp
Schreiber ES, Glaister GA, Quinn GP, Lake PS (1998) Life history and population dynamics of the exotic snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Prosobranchia: Hydrobiidae) in Lake Purrumbete, Victoria, Australia. Mar Freshwater Res 49:73–78
Schreiber ESG, Quinn GP, Lake PS (2003) Distribution of an alien aquatic snail in relation to flow variability, human activity and water quality. Freshwater Biol 48:951–961
Schuster RM (1969) Problems of antipodal distributions in lower land plants. Taxon 18:46–91
Scott D (1964) Proposals on stocking Mahinerangi Dam with rainbow trout. Report No. 1. Ann Rep Otago Acclim Soc 98:54–58
Scott D (1968) Rainbows in Mahinerangi. Ann Rep Otago Acclim Soc 1968:56–59
Scott D (1970) Rainbows in Mahinerangi, 1968–1970. Ann Rep Otago Acclim Soc 1970:20–25
Scott D (1971) Rainbows in Mahinerangi, 1970–1971. Ann Rep Otago Acclim Soc 1971:27–29
Scott EOG (1971) On the occurrence in Tasmania and on Flinders Island of Brachygalaxias Eigenmann, 1928 (Pisces: Galaxiidae) with descriptions of two new subspecies. Rec Q Vic Mus Launceston 37:1–14
Scott MC, Helfman GS (2001) Native invasions, homogenization, and the mismeasure of integrity of fish assemblages. Fisheries 26(11):6–15
Scott D, Poynter M (1991) Upper temperature limits for trout in New Zealand and climate change. Hydrobiologia 222:147–152
Scott D, Hewitson J, Fraser JC (1978) The origins of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, in New Zealand. Calif Fish Game 64:210–218
Semenas L, Ubeda C, Ortubay S, Noguera P, Revenga J, Viozzi G (1989) Estado sanitario de las poblaciones de peces de cuerpos de agua andinapatagonicus. Actas Prim Jornados Nac de Fauna Silvestre, Santa Rosa, La Pampa 1987:329–347
Serét B (1997) Les poissons d’eau de Nouvelle-Caledonie: Implications biogeographiques de recentes decouvertes. Mem Mus Nat d’Hist Nat 171:369–378
Sheldon A (1988) Conservation of stream fishes: patterns of diversity, rarity and risk. Conserv Biol 2:149–156
Shirley MJ (1991) The ecology and distribution of Galaxias fuscus Mack, in the Goulburn River system, Victoria. Unpublished BSc Hons Thesis, University of Melbourne, 40 pp
Shirley MJ, Raadik TA (1997) Aspects of the ecology and breeding biology of Galaxias fuscus Mack, in the Goulburn River System, Victoria. Proc R Soc Vict 109:156–166
Shuter B, Post J (1990) Climate, population viability, and the zoogeography of temperate fishes. Trans Am Fish Soc 119:314–336
Simberloff DA (1981) Community effects of introduced species. In: Nitecki MH (ed) Biotic crises in ecological and evolutionary time. Academic, New York, pp 53–83
Simberloff DA (2001) Biological invasions – how are they affecting us, and what can we do about them? West N Am Nat 61:308–315
Simon K, Townsend CR (2003) Impacts of freshwater invaders at different levels of ecological organisation, with emphasis on salmonids and ecosystem consequences. Freshwater Biol 48:982–994
Simpson N (1991) Aspects of Falklands freshwater ecology. The Warrah: Newslett Falklands Conserv 1:8–10
Skelton PH (1987) South African red data book: fishes. S Afr Nat Sci Prog Rep 137:1–199
Skelton PH (1990) The conservation and status of threatened fishes in southern Africa. J Fish Biol 37(suppl. A):87–95
Skelton PH (1993) A complete guide to the freshwater fishes of southern Africa. Southern Book Publishers, Halfway House, 388 pp
Skelton PH (2002) An overview of the challenges of conserving freshwater fishes in South Africa. In: Collares-Pereira MJ, Cowx IG, Coelho MM (eds) Conservation of freshwater fishes: options for the future. Fishing News Books, Oxford, pp 221–236
Skelton PH, Cambray JA, Lombard A, Benn GA (1995) Patterns of distribution and conservation status of freshwater fishes in South Africa. S Afr J Sci 30:71–81
Skrzynski W (1968) The Canterbury mudfish, Galaxias burrowsius – a vanishing species. N Z J Mar Freshwater Res 2:688–697
Sloan RD (1989) Lake Pedder galaxias. Rep Tasm Inl Fish Commun 44:19
Sloan RD, French GC (1991) Trout fishery management plan: western lakes – Central Plateau Tasmanian World Heritage area. Department of Environment and Planning, Hobart, 85 pp
Smith DCW (1959) The biology of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) in the lakes of the Rotorua District, North Island. N Z J Sci 2:275–312
Smith KD, Knott B, Jasinska EJ (2002a) Biology of the black-stripe minnow Galaxiella nigrostriata (Salmoniformes: Galaxiidae) in an acidic, black-water lake in Melaleuca Park near Perth, Western Australia. Rec W Aust Mus 21:277–284
Smith KD, Pen LJ, Knott B (2002b) Genetic and morphological study of the black-stripe minnow, Galaxiella nigrostriata (Salmoniformes: Galaxiidae), including a disjunct population near Perth, Western Australia. Rec W Aust Mus 21:285–290
Soulé ME (1991) Conservation: tactics for a constant crisis. Science 253:744–749
Spackman WH (1892) Trout in New Zealand: where to go and how to catch them. Government Printer, Wellington, 99 pp
Spiers D, Boubée JAT (1997) The effect of Ruapehu’s ash on fish. Fish Game N Z 16:14–21
Stafford D (1986) The founding years in Rotorua: a history of events to 1900. Richards, Auckland, 448 pp
Stearley RF, Smith GR (1993) Phylogeny of the Pacific trouts and salmons (Oncorhynchus) and genera of the family Salmonidae. Trans Am Fish Soc 122:1–33
Stephens RTT (1984) Smelt production dynamics and predation by rainbow trout in Lake Taupo. Unpublished D.Phil. Thesis, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 356 pp
Stewart L (1973) The fisheries in the Falkland Islands. Publ. Author, Claughton, nr Lancaster, Author, 97 pp
Stiassny MLJ (1996) An overview of freshwater biodiversity: with some lessons from African fishes. Fisheries 21(9):7–13
Stiassny MLJ (1999) The medium is the message: freshwater diversity in peril. In: Cracraft J, Griffo F (eds) The living planet in crisis: biodiversity science and policy. Columbia University, New York, pp 53–71
Stokell G (1955) Freshwater fishes of New Zealand. Simpson and Williams, Christchurch, 145 pp
Stokell G (1963) The bass controversy. N Z Outdoor 29(1):28–29
Strange IJ (1992) A field guide to the wildlife of the Falkland Islands and South Georgia. Harper Collins, London, 188 pp
Strayer DL (1999) Effects of alien species on freshwater mollusks in North America. J N Am Benthol Soc 18:74–98
Stuart-Smith R (2001) The feeding ecology of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) in Lake Sorell, Tasmania. Unpublished BSc Hons Thesis, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 110 pp
Studholme EC (1940) Te Waimate: early station life in New Zealand. Reed, Dunedin, 296 pp
Studholme B (2002) Koi carp and gambusia: the South Island pest fish survey 2001–2002. Department of Conservation, Nelson, 37 pp
Studholme B (2003) Koi carp and gambusia: the South Island pest fish survey 2002–2003. Department of Conservation, Nelson, 27 pp
Swales S, West DW (1991) Distribution, abundance and conservation status of native fish in some Waikato streams in the North Island of New Zealand. J R Soc N Z 21:281–296
Swartz RE, Flemming AF, Mouton P le FN (2004) Contrasting genetic patterns and population histories in three threatened redfin species (Cyprinidae) from the Olifants River, South Africa. J Fish Biol 64:1153–1167
Swenson U, Backlund A, McLoughlin S, Hill RS (2001) Nothofagus biogeography revisited with special emphasis on the enigmatic distribution of subgenus Brassospora in New Caledonia. Cladistics 17:28–47
Syron D (2003) Coarse fish in Lake Ototoa. N Z Fish News 26(3):23
Taylor WR (1969) A revision of the catfish genus Noturus Rafinesque, with an analysis of the higher groups in the Ictaluridae. Bull US Nat Mus 282:1–315
Taylor MJ (1988) Features of freshwater fish habitat in South Westland and the effect of forestry practices. N Z Min Agric Fish, Freshwater Fish Rep 97:1–89
Taylor MJ, Main MR (1987) Distribution and biology of freshwater fishes in the Whakapohai River to Waita River area, South Westland. N Z Min Agric Fish, Fish Environ Rep 77:1–85
Taylor JN, Courtenay WR, McCann JA (1984) Known impacts of exotic fishes in the continental United States. In: Courtenay WR, Stauffer JR (eds) Distribution, biology and management of exotic fishes. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, pp 322–371
Thompson FV (1986) Notes on the black mudfish Neochanna diversus (Stokell). Ann Rep Auckland Acclim Soc 1986:32–38
Thompson FV (1989) Dwarf inanga successfully introduced to Lake Ototoa. Freshwater Catch (NZ) 39:13
Thomson GM (1922) The naturalisation of animals and plants in New Zealand. University Press, Cambridge, 607 pp
Thorp JH (1986) Two distinct roles for predators in freshwater assemblages. Oikos 47:75–82
Thorpe JE (1994) Significance of straying in salmonids and implications for ranching. Aquacult Fish Manag 25(suppl.2):183–190
Threatened Species Unit (2005) Fauna recovery plan: Tasmanian Galaxiidae 2005–2009. Department of Primary industries, Water and Environment, Hobart, 83 pp
Tillyard RJ (1920) Report on the neuropteroid insects of the hot springs region, New Zealand, in relation to the problems of trout food. Proc Linn Soc N S W 45:205–213
Tilzey RDJ (1976) Observations on interactions between indigenous Galaxiidae and introduced Salmonidae in the Lake Eucumbene catchment, New South Wales. Aust J Mar Freshwater Res 27:551–564
Tilzey RDJ (1977) Repeat homing of brown trout (Salmo trutta) in Lake Eucumbene, New South Wales, Australia. J Fish Res Bd Can 34:1085–1094
Timms BV (1974) Aspects of the limnology of Lake Tali Karng, Victoria. Aust J Mar Freshwater Res 25:273–279
Tisdall C (1994) Setting priorities for the conservation of New Zealand’s threatened plants and animals. Department of Conservation, Wellington, 65 pp
Townsend CR (1991) Exotic species management and the need for a theory of invasion ecology. N Z J Ecol 15:1–3
Townsend CR (1996) Invasion biology and ecological impacts of brown trout, Salmo trutta, in New Zealand. Biol Conserv 78:13–22
Townsend CR (2003) Individual, population, community and ecosystem consequences of a fish invader in New Zealand streams. Conserv Biol 17:38–47
Townsend CR, Crowl TA (1991) Fragmented population structure in a native New Zealand fish: an effect of introduced brown trout. Oikos 61:347–354
Tucceri T (2005) The beginnings of a sanctuary at Narre Warren South. ANGFA News 23:3–7
Unwin MJ, Quinn TP (1993) Homing and straying patterns of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from a New Zealand hatchery – spatial distribution of strays and effects of release date. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 50:1168–1175
Vigliano PH, Macchi PJ, Alonso MF, Denegri MA, Lippolt G, Padilla G, Milano D (1997) A modified design and procedure for qualitative/quantitative studies of fish communities with gillnets by depth strata in deep lakes of the Andean Patagonic region. Abstracts, Second South. Connection Congr, p 195
Vitousek PM, D’Antonio CM, Carla M, Loope L, Westbrooks R (1995) Biological invasions as global environmental change. Am Sci 84:468–478
Vitousek PM, D’Antonio CM, Loope LL, Rejmanek M, Westbrooks R (1997) Introduced species: a significant component of human-caused global change. N Z J Ecol 21:1–16
Wager R, Jackson PD (1993) The action plan for Australian freshwater fishes. Aust Conserv Agency Endangered Spec Prog 147:1–122
Walker KF (2002) Vale Bill Williams 1936–2002. Hydrobiologia 470:vii–ix
Wallis GP, Judge KF, Bland J, Waters JM, Berra TM (2001) Genetic diversity in New Zealand Galaxias vulgaris sensu lato (Teleostei: Osmeriformes: Galaxiidae): a test of a biogeographic hypothesis. J Biogeogr 28:59–67
Waples RS (1994) Evolutionarily significant units and the conservation of biodiversity under the Endangered Species Act. Am Fish Soc Symp 17:8–27
Wardle P (1991) Vegetation of New Zealand. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 672 pp
Waters JM, Cambray JA (1997) Intraspecific phylogeography of the Cape galaxias from South Africa: evidence from mitochondrial DNA sequences. J Fish Biol 50:1329–1338
Waters JM, McDowall RM (2005) The phylogenetics of the Australasian mudfishes: evolution of an eel-like body plan. Mol Phylogenet Evol 37:417–425
Waters JM, Wallis GP (2001a) Mitochondrial DNA phylogenetics of the Galaxias vulgaris complex from South Island, New Zealand: rapid radiation of a species flock. J Fish Biol 58:1166–1180
Waters JM, Wallis GP (2001b) Cladogenesis and loss of the marine life-history phase in freshwater galaxiid fishes Osmeriformes: Galaxiidae). Evolution 55:587–597
Waters JM, White RWG (1997) Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the Tasmanian and New Zealand mudfishes (Salmoniformes: Galaxiidae). Aust J Zool 45:39–48
Waters JM, Lopez JA, Wallis GP (2000b) Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of galaxiid fishes (Osteichthyes: Galaxiidae): dispersal, vicariance and the position of Lepidogalaxias salamandroides. Syst Biol 49:777–795
Waters JM, Esa YB, Wallis GP (2001a) Genetic and morphological evidence for reproductive isolation between sympatric populations of Galaxias (Teleostei: Galaxiidae) in South Island, New Zealand. Biol J Linn Soc 73:287–298
Waters JM, Craw D, Youngson JH, Wallis GP (2001b) Genes meet geology: fish phylogeographic pattern reflects ancient rather than modern drainage patterns. Evolution 55:1844–1985
Waters JM, Shirley M, Closs GP (2002a) Hydroelectric development and translocation of Galaxias brevipinnis: a cloud at the end of the tunnel? Can J Fish Aquat Sci 59:49–56
Waters JM, Saruwatari Y, Kobayashi T, Oohara I, McDowall RM, Wallis GP (2002b) Phylogenetic placement of retropinnid fishes: data set incongruence can be reduced by using asymmetric character state transformation costs. Syst Biol 51:432–449
Watts RJ, Storey AW, Hebbert DR, Edward DHD (1995) Genetic and morphological differences between populations of the western minnow, Galaxias occidentalis, from two river systems in south-western Australia. Mar Freshwater Res 46:769–777
Weekes PJ, Penlington B (1986) First record of Ligula intestinalis (Cestoda) in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdnerii, and common bully, Gobiomorphus cotidianus, in New Zealand. J Fish Biol 28:183–190
Welcomme RL (1984) International transfers of inland fish species. In: Courtenay WR, Stauffer JR (eds) Distribution, biology and management of exotic fishes. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, pp 22–40
Welcomme RL (1988) International introductions of inland aquatic species. FAO Fish Tech Pap 294:1–318
Welcomme RL (1992) A history of international introductions of inland aquatic species. ICES Mar Sci Symp 194:3–14
West DW (1989) The ecology of native and introduced fish in some Waikato streams. Unpublished MSc Thesis, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 151 pp
West DW, Jowett IG, Richardson J (2005) Growth, diet, movement and abundance of adult banded kokopu (Galaxias fasciatus) in five Coromandel, New Zealand streams. NZ J Mar Freshwater Res 39:915–929
Whitley GP (1935) Whitebait. Vict Nat 52:41–51
Williams WD (1964) Limnological observations on Lake Tarli Karng. Aust Soc Limnol Newslett 3:14–15
Williams RRG (1996) Jaw muscles and suspensoria in the Aplochitonidae (Teleostei: Salmoniformes) and their possible phylogenetic significance. Mar Freshwater Res 47:913–917
Williams RRG (1997) Bones and muscles of the suspensorium in the galaxioids and Lepidogalaxias salamandroides (Teleostei: Osmeriformes) and their phylogenetic significance. Rec Aust Mus 49:139–166
Williams GR, Given DR (eds) (1981) The red data book of New Zealand, rare and endangered species of endemic terrestrial vertebrates and vascular plants. Nature Conservation Council, Wellington, 175 pp
Wilson EO (1992) The diversity of life. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 424 pp
Wilson B (1995) Native fish and trout: a delicate balancing act. Fish Game N Z 9:14–21
Wilson CJN, Houghton BF (1993) The Taupo eruption. Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences, Taupo, 6 pp
Wilson MVH, Li G-Q (1999) Osteology and systematic position of the Eocene salmonid Eosalmo driftwoodensis Wilson from western North America. Zool J Linn Soc 125:279–311
Wilson CJN, Walker GLP (1985) The Taupo eruption, New Zealand. I. General aspects. Phil Trans R Soc, Lond A 314:199–228
Wilson MVH, Williams RRG (1991) New Paleocene genus and species of smelt (Teleostei: Osmeridae) from freshwater deposits of the Paskapoo formation, Alberta, Canada, and comments on osmerid phylogeny. J Vert Pal 11:434–451
Wing SJ (1978) Fish species in the lower Waitaki River and its tributaries. N Z Min Agric Fish, Fish Environ Rep 1:1–14
Winterbourn MJ, Rounick JS, Cowie B (1981) Are New Zealand stream ecosystems really different? N Z J Mar Freshwater Res 15:321–328
Wisniewski C (2005) Gambusia eradication in Tasmanian wetlands. Newslett Aust Soc Fish Biol 35(1):44
Woodford DJ, Impson ND, Day JA, Bills IR (2005) The predatory impact of alien smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu (Teleostei: Centrarchidae) in a Cape Floristic Region mountain stream. Afr J Aquat Sci 30:67–173
Young KD (2002) Life history of fluvial and lacustrine landlocked koaro (Galaxias brevipinnis Günther) (Pisces: Galaxiidae) in the Tarawera lakes. Unpublished MSc thesis, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 84 pp
Young D, Foster B (1986) Faces of the river – New Zealand’s living water. Television New Zealand Publishing, Auckland, 224 pp
Zaranko DT, Farara DG, Thompson FG (1997) Another exotic mollusc in the Laurentian Great Lakes: The New Zealand native Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Gray, 1843) (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae). Can J Fish Aquat Sci 54:809–814
Acknowledgments
I acknowledge support from the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research in writing this review; Dave Kelly reviewed the manuscript and Greg Kelly drafted many of the figures.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
McDowall, R.M. Crying wolf, crying foul, or crying shame: alien salmonids and a biodiversity crisis in the southern cool-temperate galaxioid fishes?. Rev Fish Biol Fisheries 16, 233–422 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-006-9017-7
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-006-9017-7