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Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy

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Abstract

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy probes the vibrational properties of amino acids and cofactors, which are sensitive to minute structural changes. The lack of specificity of this technique, on the one hand, permits us to probe directly the vibrational properties of almost all the cofactors, amino acid side chains, and of water molecules. On the other hand, we can use reaction-induced FTIR difference spectroscopy to select vibrations corresponding to single chemical groups involved in a specific reaction. Various strategies are used to identify the IR signatures of each residue of interest in the resulting reaction-induced FTIR difference spectra. (Specific) Isotope labeling, site-directed mutagenesis, hydrogen/deuterium exchange are often used to identify the chemical groups. Studies on model compounds and the increasing use of theoretical chemistry for normal modes calculations allow us to interpret the IR frequencies in terms of specific structural characteristics of the chemical group or molecule of interest. This review presents basics of FTIR spectroscopy technique and provides specific important structural and functional information obtained from the analysis of the data from the photosystems, using this method.

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Notes

  1. We do not present an exhaustive review of the FTIR literature on photosystems.

  2. Dipole moment: when a positive charge +z and a negative charge −z are separated by a distance d, the dipole moment μ is equal to the magnitude of the charge multiplied by the distance (μ = zd). .

  3. In the FTIR spectra, the infrared absorption is given as a function of the vibration frequency expressed in cm−1.

  4. IR transparent materials must be used. For the mid-IR domain, calcium fluoride is a material of choice for its moderate hygroscopic character.

  5. In contrast, the identification of the νas and νs (COO−) modes of the corresponding carboxylate forms is often impaired by many other superimposed IR modes in the 1,610–1,550 and 1,420–1,380 cm−1 region. Isotope labeling is useful in identifying these modes.

Abbreviations

ATR:

Attenuated total reflection

BChl:

Bacteriochlorophyll

CVD:

Chemical vapor deposition

ENDOR:

Electron nuclear double resonance

ESEEM:

Electron spin echo envelope modulation

FTIR:

Fourier transform infrared

IR:

Infrared

P700 :

Primary electron donor of PSI

PSI:

Photosystem I

PSII:

Photosystem II

QA, QB :

Primary and secondary electron acceptor quinones of photosynthetic RCs

RC:

Reaction center

TyrD, TyrZ :

The two redox active tyrosines of PSII

WT:

Wild type

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Acknowledgment

This manuscript was edited by Govindjee.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. CEA (Commissariat à l’ Energie Atomique), Laboratoire des Interactions Protéine Métal, DSV (Direction des Sciences du Vivant), Institut de Biologie Environnementale et Biotechnologie, Service de Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales (DSV/iBEB/SBVME), CEA-Cadarache, UMR 6191 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CEA (Commissariat à l’ Energie Atomique)-Université Aix-Marseille II, 13108, Saint Paul-lez-Durance Cedex, France

    Catherine Berthomieu

  2. Aix-Marseille Université, Laboratoire de Génétique et de Biophysique des Plantes, Faculté des Sciences de Luminy, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut de Biologie Environnementale et Biotechnologie, Service de Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales (DSV/iBEB/SBVME), UMR 6191 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CEA (Commissariat à l’ Energie Atomique)-Université Aix-Marseille II, 13288, Marseille cedex 9, France

    Rainer Hienerwadel

Authors
  1. Catherine Berthomieu
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  2. Rainer Hienerwadel
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Correspondence to Catherine Berthomieu.

Additional information

Special Issue of Photosynthesis Research “Basics and Applications of Biophysical Techniques in Photosynthesis and Related Processes”, edited by Messinger, Alia and Govindjee.

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Berthomieu, C., Hienerwadel, R. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Photosynth Res 101, 157–170 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-009-9439-x

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