Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

The influence of weed control on foliar δ15N, δ13C and tree growth in an 8 year-old exotic pine plantation of subtropical Australia

  • Regular Article
  • Published:
Plant and Soil Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Background and aims

The aim of weed control and fertilization in forest plantations was to increase tree growth by reducing competition for available nutrients and water. However, treatments that influence weed biomass can also have significant impacts on soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling which can in turn lead to changes in the dynamics of stable C (δ13C) and N (δ15N) isotope compositions in soils and tree foliage.

Methods

We examined the key C and N cycling processes influenced by routine and luxury weed control and fertilization treatments as reflected by soil and foliar δ13C and δ15N and long-term tree growth in an 8-year old F1 hybrid pine (Pinus elliottii x P. caribaea) plantation in southeast Queensland, Australia. Weed control treatments varied by treatment frequency and intensity while fertilization treatments varied by the application of N, phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and micronutrients. Different soil and canopy sampling positions were assessed to determine if sampling position enhanced the relationships among soil N transformations and tree N use, water use efficiency and carbon gain under the early establishment silviculture.

Results

Routine weed control was associated with increased weed biomass returned to the soil, compared with luxury weed control. Soil δ13C increased at the 0–5 cm soil sampling depth in both the inter-planting (IPR) and planting row (PR) as a result of the routine weed control treatments. In addition, soil δ13C was significantly higher as a result of fertilisation treatment in the 0–5 cm soil sampling depth in the PR. Soil δ13C was negatively correlated to soil δ15N at the 0–5 cm soil sampling depth in the IPR. Soil δ15N increased in the 0–5 and 5–10 cm soil sampling depths in the IPR, as a result of more frequent (luxury) weed control. Foliar δ15N and tree water use efficiency (WUE) (as indicated by foliar δ13C) were positively correlated with tree growth at age 8 years. While relationships between δ13C and δ15N in the soil and foliage varied depending on soil sampling depth and position, and with canopy sampling position where there were consistent relationships between soil δ13C (or δ15N) and foliar δ15N.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates how early establishment silviculture has important implications for soil C and N cycling and how soil δ13C and δ15N were consistent with changes in soil C cycling and N transformations as a result of weed control treatments, while foliar δ15N was linked to more rapid N cycling as reflected in the soil δ15N, which increased tree growth and tree WUE (as reflected by foliar δ13C).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adams MA, Grierson PF (2001) Stable isotopes at natural abundance in terrestrial plant ecolocgy and ecophysiology: an update. Plant Biol 3:299–310

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amundson R, Austin A, Schuur E, Yoo K, Matzek V, Kendall C, Uebersax A, Brenner D, Baisden W (2003) Global patterns of the isotopic composition of soil and plant nitrogen. Global Biogeochem Cycles 17:1–1031. doi:10.1029/2022GB001903

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aranibar JN, Anderson IC, Epstein HE, Feral CJW, Swap RJ, Ramontsho J, Macko SA (2008) Nitrogen isotope composition of soils, C3 and C4 plants along land use gradients in southern africa. J Arid Environ 72:326–337

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Balesdent J, Mariotti A, Guillet B (1987) Natural 13C abundance as a tracer for studies of soil organic matter dynamics. Soil Biol Biochem 19:25–30

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bergh J, Linder S, Lundmark T, Elfving B (1999) The effect of water and nutrient availability on the productivity of Norway Spruce in northern and southern Sweden. For Ecol Manag 119:51–62

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Billings SA, Richter DD (2006) Changes in stable isotopic signatures of soil nitrogen and carbon during 40 years of forest development. Oecologia 148:325–333

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blanco J, Gonzalez E (2010) Exploring the sustainability of current management prescriptions for Pinus caribaea plantations in Cuba: a modelling approach. J Trop For Sci 22:139–154

    Google Scholar 

  • Blumfield TJ, Xu ZH (2003) Impact of harvest residues on soil mineral nitrogen dynamics following clearfall harvesting of a hoop pine plantation in subtropical Australia. For Ecol Manag 179:55–67

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boddey RM, Peoples MB, Palmer B, Dart PJ (2000) Use of 15N natural abundance technique to quantify biological nitrogen fixation by woody perennials. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 57:235–270

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bowling DR, Pataki DE, Randerson JT (2008) Carbon isotopes in terrestrial ecosystem pools and co2 fluxes. New Phytol 178:24–40

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butnor JR, Johnsen KH, Oren R, Katul GG (2003) Reduction of forest floor respiration by fertilization on both carbon dioxide-enriched and reference 17-year-old loblolly pine stands. Global Biogeochem Cycles 9:849–861

    Google Scholar 

  • Cadisch G, Imhof H, Urquiaga S, Boddey RM, Giller KE (1997) Carbon turnover (δ13C) and nitrogen mineralization potential of particulate light soil organic matter after rainforest clearing. Soil Biol Biochem 28:555–1567

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen C, Xu ZH (2005) Soil carbon and nitrogen pools and microbial properties in a 6-year-old slash pine plantation of subtropical Australia: impacts of harvest residue management. For Ecol Manag 206:237–247

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen CR, Xu ZH, Hughes JM (2002) Effects of nitrogen fertilisation on soil nitrogen pools and microbial properties in a hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii) plantation in southeast Queensland, Australia. Biol Fertil Soils 36:276–283

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen CR, Xu ZH, Blumfield TJ, Hughes JM (2003) Soil microbial biomass during the early establishment of hoop pine plantation: season variations and impacts of site preparation. For Ecol Manag 186:213–225

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng X, Chen J, Luo Y, Henderson R, An S, Zhang Q, Chen J, Li B (2008) Assessing the effects of short-term Spartina alterniflora invasion on labile and recalcitrant C and N pools by means of soil fractionation and stabel C and N isotopes. Geoderma 145:177–184

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng S, Fang H, Yu G, Zhu T, Zheng J (2010) Foliar and soil δ15N natural abundances provide field evidence on nitrogen dynamics in temperate and boreal forest ecosystems. Plant Soil 337:285–297

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Choi W, Chang SX, Allen HL, Kelting DL, Ro H (2005) Irrigation and fertilization effects on foliar and soil carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in a loblolly pine stand. For Ecol Manag 213:90–101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duursma RA, Marshall JD (2006) Vertical canopy gradients in δ13C correspond with leaf nitrogen content in a mixed-species conifer forest. Trees 20:496–506

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ehleringer JR, Bowling DR, Flanagan LB, Fessenden J, Helliker B, Martinelli LA, Ometto JP (2002) Stable isotopes and carbon cycle processes in forests and grasslands. Plant Biol 4:181–189

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emmerton KS, Callaghan TV, Jones HE, Leake JR, Michelsen A, Read DJ (2001) Assimilation and isotopic fractionation of nitrogen by mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol 151:503–511

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Emmett BA, Kjonaas OJ, Gunderson P, Koopmans C, Tietema A, Sleep D (1998) Natural abundance of 15N in forests across nitrogen deposition gradients. For Ecol Manag 101:9–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evans RD (2001) Physiological mechanisms influencing nitrogen isotope composition. Trends Plant Sci 6:121–126

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evans RD, Ehleringer JR (1993) A break in the nitrogen cycle in aridlands? evidence from δ15N of soils. Oecologia 94:314–317

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farquhar GD, Ehleringer JR, Hubick KT (1989) Carbon isotope discrimination and photosynthesis. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 40:503–537

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gebauer G, Schulze E-D (1991) Carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in different compartments of a healthy and declining Picea abies forest in the fichtelgegirge, ne Bavaria. Oecologia 87:198–207

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Handley LL, Raven JA (1992) The use of natural abundance of nitrogen isotopes in plant physiology and ecology. Plant Cell Environ 15:965–985

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henn RH, Chapela IH (2001) Ecophysiology of 13C and 15N isotopic fractionation in forest fungi and the roots of the saprotrophic-mycorrhizal divide. Oecologia 128:480–487

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hobbie EA, Colpaert JV (2003) Nitrogen availability and colonisation by mycorrhizal fungi correlate with nitrogen isotope patterns in plants. New Phytol 157:115–126

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hobbie JE, Hobbie EA (2006) 15N in symbiotic fungi and plants estimates nitrogen and carbon flux rates in arctic tundra. Ecology 87:816–822

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hobbie EA, Macko SA, Shugart HH (1999) Insights into nitrogen and carbon dynamics of ectomycorrhizal and saprotropic fungi from isotopic evidence. Oecologia 118:353–360

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hobbie EA, Sánchez FS, Rygiewicz PT (2004) Carbon use, nitrogen use and isotopic fractionation of ectomycorrhizal fungi and saprotropic fungi in natural abundance and 13C labelled cultures. Mycol Res 108:725–736

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hogberg P (1997) Tansley Review No. 95 15N natural abundance in soil-plant systems. New Phytol 137:179–203

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hogberg P, Johannisson C (1993) 15N abundance of forests is correlated with losses of nitrogen. Plant Soil 157:147–150

    Google Scholar 

  • Högberg P, Read DJ (2006) Towards more plant physiological perspective on soil ecology. Trends Ecol Evol 21:548–554

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hogberg P, Johannisson C, Hogberg M, Hogborn L, Nasholm T, Hallgren J-E (1995) Measurements of abundances of 15N and 13C as tools in retrospective studies of N balances and water stress in forests: a discussion of preliminary results. Plant Soil 168–169:125–133

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horwarth WR, van Kessel C, Hartwig U and Harris D (2001) Chapter 16. Use of 13C isotopes to determine net carbon sequestration in soil under ambient and elevated CO2. In: Lal R, Kimble JM, Follett RF, Stewart BA (eds) Assessment methods of organic matter in soils, sediments and waters. pp 221–232

  • Huang Z, Xu Z, Chen C, Boyd S (2008a) Changes in soil carbon during the establishment of a hardwood plantation in subtropical Australia. For Ecol Manag 254:46–55

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang Z, Xu Z, Chen C (2008b) Effect of mulching on labile soil organic matter pools, microbial community functional diversity and nitrogen transformations in two hardwood plantations of subtropical Australia. Appl Soil Ecol 40:229–239

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang Z, Xu Z, Blumfield TJ, Chen C, Bubb K (2008c) Soil nitrogen mineralization and fate of (15NH4)2SO4 in field-incubated soil in hardwood plantation of subtropical Australia: the effect of mulching. J Soil Sediments 8:389–397

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ibell P, Xu Z, Blumfield T (2010) Effects of weed control and fertilization on soil carbon and nutrient pools in an exotic pine plantation of subtropical Australia. J Soils Sediments 10:1027–1038

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Isbell R (1996) The Australian soil classification. CSIRO, Collingwood

    Google Scholar 

  • Jobbagy EG, Jackson RB (2000) The vertical distribution of soil organic carbon and its relation to climate and vegetation. Ecol Appl 10:423–436

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keeney DR (1980) Prediction of soil nitrogen availability in forest ecosystems: as literature review. For Sci 26:159–171

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitayama K, Iwamoto K (2001) Patterns in natural 15N abundance in the leaf-to-soil continuum of tropical rainforests differing in N availability on Mount Kinabatu, Borneo. Plant Soil 229:203–212

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koba K, Hirobe M, Koyama L, Kohzu A, Tokuchi N, Nadelhoffer KJ, Wada E, Takeda H (2003) Natural 15N adundance of plants and soil n in a temperate coniferous forest. Ecosystems 6:457–469

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kohn MJ (2010) Carbon isotope compositions of terrestrial C3 plants as indicators of paleo(ecology) and paleo(climate). PNAS 107(46):19691–19695

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lajtha K, Michener RH (1994) Stable isotopes in ecology and environmental science. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Livingstone NJ, Whitehead D, Kelliher FM, Wang Y-P, Grace JC, Walcroft AS, Byers JN, McSeveny TM, Millard P (1998) Nitrogen allocation and carbon isotope fractionation in relation to intercepted radiation and position in a young Pinus radiata D. Don tree. Plant Cell Environ 21:795–803

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mannetje L, Haydock KP (1963) The dry-weight-rank method for the botanical analysis of pasture. J Brit Grassl Soc 18:268–275

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mathers NJ, Xu ZH, Blumfield T, Berners-Price SJ, Saffigna PG (2003) Composition and quality of harvest residues and soil organic matter under windrow residue management in young hoop pine plantations as revealed by solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy. For Ecol Manag 175:467–488

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCarroll D, Loader N (2004) Stable isotopes in tree rings. Quarternary Sci Rev 23:771–801

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nadelhoffer K, Shaver G, Fry B, Giblin A, Johnson L, McKane R (1996) 15N abundances and N use by tundra plants. Oecologia 107:386–394

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neary DG, Rockwood DL, Comerford NB, Swindel BF, Cooksey TE (1990) Importance of weed control, fertilization, irrigation and genetics in slash and loblolly pine early growth on poorly drained spodosols. For Ecol Manag 30:271–281

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olsen SR, Sommers LE (1982) Phosphorus. In: Page AL, Miller RH, Keeney DR (eds) Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties. American Society of Agronomy Inc., Soil Science Society of America Inc, Madison, pp 403–430

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson BJ, Fry B (1987) Stable isotopes in ecosystem studies. Ann Rev Ecol Syst 18:293–320

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Philip MS (1994) Measuring trees and forests. CAB International, Wallingford

    Google Scholar 

  • Prasolova NV, Xu Z, Farquhar GD, Saffigna PG, Dieters MJ (2001) Canopy carbon and oxygen isotope composition of 9-year-old hoop pine families in relation to seedling carbon isotope composition, growth, field growth performance, and canopy nitrogen concentration. Can J For Res 31:673–681

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prasolova NV, Xu ZH, Lundkvist K, Farquhar GD, Dieters MJ, Walker S, Saffigna PG (2003) Genetic variation in foliar carbon isotope composition in relation to tree growth and foliar nitrogen concentration in clones of the f1 hybrid between slash pine and caribbean pine. For Ecol Manag 173:145–160

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prasolova NV, Xu ZH, Lundkvist K (2005) Genetic variation in relation to foliar carbon isotope composition and tree growth with clones of the F1 hybrid between slash pine and caribbean pine. For Ecol Manag 201:173–191

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pu G, Saffigna PG, Xu Z (2001) Denitrification, leaching and immobilisation of 15N labelled nitrate in winter under windrowed harvesting residues in hoop pine plantations of 1–3 years old in subtropical Australia. For Ecol Manag 152:183–194

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pu GX, Xu Z, Saffigna PG (2002) Fate of 15N-labelled nitrate in a wet summer under different harvesting residue management regimes in young hoop pine plantations. For Ecol Manag 170:285–298

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rayment GE, Higginson FR (1992) Australian Laboratory Handbook of soil and water chemical methods. Inkata Press, Melbourne

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson D (2001) δ15N as an integrator of the nitrogen cycle. Trends Ecol Evol 16:153–162

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sands R, Mulligan DR (1990) Water and nutrient dynamics and tree growth. For Ecol Manag 30:91–111

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Silva LCR, Anand M (2011) Mechanisms of Araucaria (Atlantic) forest expansion into southern Brazilian grasslands. Ecosystems 14:1354–1371

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silva LCR, Giorgis MA, Anand M, Enrico L, Perez-Harguindeguy N, Falczuk V, Tieszen LT, Cabido M (2011) Evidence of shift in C4 species in central Argentina during the late Holocene. Plant Soil 349:261–279

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sparling G, Vojvodic-vukovic M, Schipper LA (1998) Hot-water-soluble C as a simple measure of labile soil organic matter: the relationship with microbial biomass C. Soil Biol Biochem 30:1469–1472

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Staddon PL (2004) Carbon isotopes in functional soil ecology. Trends Ecol Evol 19:148–154

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sword MA, Tiarks AE, Haywood JD (1998) Establishment treatments affect relationships among nutrition productivity and competing vegetation of loblolly pine saplings on a gulf coastal plain site. For Ecol Manag 105:175–188

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tang Z, Sword Sayer MA, Chambers JL, Barnett JP (2004) Interactive effects of fertilization and throughfall exclusion on the physiological responses and whole-tree carbon uptake of mature loblolly pine. Can J Bot 82:850–861

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Templer PH, Arthur MA, Lovett GM, Weathers KC (2007) Plant and soil natural abundance δ15N: indicators of relative rates of nitrogen cycling in temperate forest ecosystems. Oecologia 153:399–406

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tutua SS, Xu ZH, Blumfield TJ, Bubb KA (2008) Long-term impacts of harvest residue management on nutrition, growth and nutrient turnover of an exotic pine plantation of sub-tropical australia. For Ecol Manag 256:741–748

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vitousek PM, Andrariese SW, Matson PA, Morris L, Stanford RL (1991) Effects of harvest intensity, site preparation and herbicide use on soil nitrogen transformations in a young loblolly pine plantation. For Ecol Manag 49:277–292

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • VSN International (2010) Genstat for windows, 13th edn. VSN International, Hemel Hempstead

    Google Scholar 

  • Waring RH, Silvester WB (1994) Variation in foliar δ13C values within the crowns of Pinus radiata trees. Tree Physiol 14:1203–1213

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Warren CR, McGrath JF, Adams MA (2001) Water availability and carbon isotopes discrimination in conifers. Oecologia 127:476–486

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woods PV, Nambiar EKS, Smethurst PJ (1992) Effect of annual weeds on water and nitrogen availability to Pinus radiata trees in a young plantation. For Ecol Manag 48:145–163

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wright JJ, Reich PB, Westoby M (2003) Least-cost input mixtures of water and nitrogen for photosynthesis. Am Nat 161:98–111

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xu Z, Chen C (2006) Fingerprinting global climate change and forest management within rhizosphere carbon and nutrient cycling processes. Environ Sci Pollut Res 13:293–298

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu ZH, Simpson JA, Osborne DO (1995a) Mineral nutrition of slash pine in subtropical Australia. I Stand growth response to fertilization. Fert Res 41:93–100

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu ZH, Simpson JA, Osborne DO (1995b) Mineral nutrition of slash pine in subtropical Australia. II Foliar nutrient response to fertilization. Fert Res 41:101–107

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu ZH, Simpson JA, Osborne DO (1995c) Mineral nutrition of slash pine in subtropical Australia. III relationships between foliar P concentration and stand growth. Fert Res 41:109–115

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu ZH, Saffigna PG, Farquhar GD, Simpson JA, Haines RJ, Walker S, Osborne DO, Guinto D (2000) Carbon isotope discrimination and oxygen isotope composition in clones of the F1 hybrid between slash pine and caribbean pine in relation to tree growth, water-use efficiency and foliar nutrient concentration. Tree Physiol 20:1209–1218

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu ZH, Bubb K, Simpson JA (2002) Effects of nitrogen fertilisation and weed control on nutrition and growth of a 4-year-old Araucaria cunninghamii plantation in subtropical Australia. J Trop For Sci 14:213–222

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu Z, Ward S, Chen C, Blumfield T, Prasolova N, Liu J (2008) Soil carbon and nutrient pools, microbial properties and gross nitrogen transformations in adjacent natural forest and hoop pine plantations of subtropical Australia. J Soils Sediments 8:99–105

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Respect and gratitude go to colleagues in the Centre for Forestry and Horticulture at Griffith University for their assistance with field work, guidance and persistence; and to Mr. Scott Byrne and Mr. and Mrs. Diocares of Griffith University for their technical assistance. We also acknowledge the Biometric advice given by Dr Carole Wright (Queensland Department Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry), the operating funding, access to GYM 350 and technical support from Forestry Plantations Queensland viz. Dr. Ken Bubb, Mr. Paul Keay, Dr. Marks Nester, Mr Ian Last, and for the numerous staff who were responsible for the development and maintenance of the GYM 350 experimental site. Paula Ibell was supported by a research scholarship grant through the Australian Research Council and an extension scholarship from the Centre for Forestry and Horticulture Research, Griffith University.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Environmental Futures Centre and Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia

    Paula T. Ibell

  2. Environmental Futures Centre and School of Biomolecular and Physical Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia

    Zhihong Xu & Timothy J. Blumfield

Authors
  1. Paula T. Ibell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Zhihong Xu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Timothy J. Blumfield
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Paula T. Ibell.

Additional information

Responsible Editor: Stefano Manzoni.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Ibell, P.T., Xu, Z. & Blumfield, T.J. The influence of weed control on foliar δ15N, δ13C and tree growth in an 8 year-old exotic pine plantation of subtropical Australia. Plant Soil 369, 199–217 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-012-1554-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-012-1554-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation