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The influence of pharmacy and pharmacist characteristics on the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease

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Abstract

Background A range of extended/enhanced pharmacy services (EPS) are increasingly being offered in community pharmacies following a global paradigm shift in professional pharmacy practice from a product-oriented focus to a patient-centered approach. A number of pharmacy/pharmacist characteristics have been reported to influence EPS provision. Objective To investigate the association between EPS provision and community pharmacists’ support in CVD secondary prevention and to identify pharmacy/pharmacist characteristics which predict EPS provision and CVD support. Setting Australian community pharmacies. Methods Mail surveys to 1350 randomly selected pharmacies, stratified by state/territory, exploring professional activities provided to clients with CVD, characteristics of pharmacies (including EPS provision), and pharmacist characteristics. The survey data were analyzed using univariate analyses and multiple linear regression analysis. Main outcome measure The level of community pharmacists’ CVD support, determined by summing respondents’ score for seven CVD support-related activities, and the pharmacies’ level of involvement in EPS provision, determined by summing respondents’ score for four types of EPS. EPS provision was then used as an independent variable in the regression analysis of CVD support. Results A response rate of 15.8 % (209/1320) was obtained after three waves of the survey. Pharmacy documentation, a private area, Quality Care Pharmacy Program accreditation, number of pharmacists, and pharmacists’ resource adequacy were predictors of EPS provision (adjusted R2 = 0.299, p < 0.001). The provision of CVD support was predicted by EPS provision (β = 0.290, p < 0.001), pharmacists’ frequent contacts with general practitioners (β = 0.298, p < 0.001), and pharmacy documentation (β = 0.134, p = 0.033). The regression model of CVD support explained 34.2 % of the variation (p < 0.001). Conclusion Community pharmacists could contribute to CVD secondary prevention if they had frequent contacts with general practitioners and worked in pharmacies with a higher level of involvement in EPS provision. Of all influencing factors, documentation was a predictor of both EPS provision and CVD support, indicating the importance of documentation in supporting the management of chronic conditions.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank pharmacists who participated in the pilot study and the national survey.

Funding

This project was funded by Faculty of Pharmacy, the University of Sydney, Australia.

Conflicts of interest

The authors have declared that no conflicts of interest exist.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Building A15, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia

    Hanni Prihhastuti Puspitasari, Parisa Aslani & Ines Krass

  2. Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Jawa Timur, 60286, Indonesia

    Hanni Prihhastuti Puspitasari

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  1. Hanni Prihhastuti Puspitasari
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  2. Parisa Aslani
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  3. Ines Krass
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Correspondence to Hanni Prihhastuti Puspitasari.

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Puspitasari, H.P., Aslani, P. & Krass, I. The influence of pharmacy and pharmacist characteristics on the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Int J Clin Pharm 37, 834–843 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-015-0127-y

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