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Poetics of infinite regress

Narrative abrogation in Zola’s Nana

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Seul, le corps […] subsista, privé de sens.

M. Blanchot

If there were no eternal consciousness in a man, if at the foundation of all there lay only a wildly seething power, which, writhing with obscure passions produced everything that is insignificant, if a bottomless void never satiated lay hidden beneath all -- what then could this life be but utter despair?

S. Kierkegaard

Abstract

Within the tangled skein of Zola’s Nana, malady—metaphysical and metaphorical—yields but violated debris: a disassemblage of annexed marginalia, bits of flesh, disinherited, as it were, and subsisting in the absence of all signifying matter. So with discourse. It, likewise, transpires as a breed of involuted play, a repository of ill-defined wantingness, an interstice, an illusion, oxymoron, annulation, oneiric absence—until it slakes perniciously into silence. To the extent that readability (the infamous “lisible”) is constructed largely upon some brand of referential chain (even in its post-modern, intratextual demeanors), the disintegration of the novel’s nuclear substance un-does, in a very real sense, any brand of integrality. As the inexorable “virus” eviscerates and strips away the actrice, the theater, the stage, the visage of Venus, the play, the script, the auto-referentiality of narcissistic glances, the vituperative glare of those “perdu[s] derrière les jupes,” in sum, the very matter of the exposé (énoncé and énonciation), we, as readers, are extradited to the margins of discourse, left at an end, at the end with none but the somatic vestiges of Zola’s bloat queen, whose deleted marrow is the only marrow that there is, usurping the text and, ultimately, the contours of its own ravaged frame. Yet there lurks, all else effaced, this “monstre de l’Écriture, lubrique, sentant la fauve”: Zola’s epithetic turn of phrase, the genitive pitting of beastliness and textliness, significantly repeals difference and proffers a conjunctive vision of word and world withered.

Résumé

Quoique, dans son face à face avec les hommes qui la poursuivent et la redoutent, Nana révèle une nature bestiale et dévoratrice qui l’apparente aux monstres de l’univers tératologique des Rougon-Macquart, au serpent de l’alambic dans L’Assommoir, au Minotaure du Voreux dans Germinal, à la cavale indomptable de la Lison, dans La Bête humaine, elle s’en distingue en ce que Nana seule incarne tous les avatars pulpeux et scandaleux du corps devenu la matière, la peau, le muscle, le nerf, la pâte du livre: autant dire le roman lui-même. Perfide guet-apens: qu’on ne se laisse pas prendre au piège. Car si, au-delà des hommes, c’est Paris tout entier que Nana va engloutir – corrompre et désorganiser – “entre ses cuisses de neige,” c’est – il faut y succomber – au texte zolien que se substituera l’être en expansion qu’elle est: “ce monstre de l’Écriture, lubrique, sentant la fauve” se métamorphose en une hideuse mangeuse de texte, en un ferment de destruction discursif et textuel. La chute tellement inscrite se dédouble faisant montre d’une structure bipartite: toutes les marques prophétiques d’une gueuse subalterne, d’une créature flétrie, infecte, désagrégée préludent dorénavant à la caducité d’une figure irrémédiablement putride et néfaste -- laquelle s’anéantit alors qu’elle vicie et décompose la Parole même qui l’avait engendrée. Or, s’engendre et triomphe une anti-poétique de désignification: la chair accapare et suffoque le discours dont elle prend possession, discours qui ne subsiste dès lors que comme indice d’un ultime et morbide démembrement – tant corporel que langagier. Ayant oblitéré tout ce qu’elle fut chargée de contenir, la parole ne porte plus, n’est plus porteuse. Au lieu de dire, elle se dit; plutôt que de signaler, elle se signale. En renonçant à son statut de symbole, elle devient monument.

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Notes

  1. Barthes (1973, p. 105).

  2. The perilous vision of significance sustained is cogently countered in a broad-spanning array of explorations, which, collectively, inform sub-sets of contemporary literary-critical enterprise. Consider indicatively, Bataille (1957); Bernal (1964); Bernheimer (1997); Blanchot (1959); Bloom (1994); Caillois (1935, pp. 21–52); Dällenbach (1977); Derrida (1967, 1968, 1974); Genette (1973); Kristeva (1987, pp. 138–151, which re-appears in her Soleil noir [1988]). Nor (2001) could one justifiably exclude reference to Barthes’ never-desisting, albeit contextually “other,” interpolation of textuality as “un échec qui se parle” (1963).

  3. Stoltzfus (1985, p. 75). Salient parallels are offered by Dolezel (1998). Alternate resuscitations of meaning are suggestively wielded by Kelly (2004), Bertrand-Jennings (1977a, b), Lethbridge (1993), Reggiani (2012) and Krakowski (1974).

  4. As figure and as trope, Nana fulfills an implicity-intoned Zolian promise, proffered only to be rescinded relentlessly—again. In this sense, the synchronicity of the personage’s generative proliferation and the concomitant excision of image and text (preponderance as a cipher, not of augmentation, but, ultimately, of dissolution) stands apart from other fictional icons with whom, peremptorily, this one appears to share more likeness than difference. The invocation of the “prostitute/courtesan” abounds in the nineteenth-century novel, whence parity is often proclaimed, while, in truth, sameness is manifest, if at all, but surfacially and briefly, until it reveals itself as unsustainable travesty. So is Nana is often dismissively bulked together with: Balzac’s Ferragus, Illusions perdues, La fausse maîtresse, La fille aux yeux d’or, and Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes; Barbey d’Aurévilly’s Les diaboliques; Bloy’s La femme pauvre; Flaubert’s L’éducation sentimentale and Novembre ; Goncourt’s La fille Elisa; Hugo’s Les misérables; Huysmans’ Marthe, histoire d’une fille; Maupassant’s Bel ami, Boule de suif, L’odyssée d’une fille, La femme de Paul, La maison Tellier, Le port, Les tombales, and Lit 29; Montfort’s La turque; Sue’s Les mystères de Paris; and Zola’s L’Assommoir—to invoke several among the many.

    Even within bounded studies of the single novel, Nana, the bundling and heaping of figures and images, ciphers and emblems not infrequently lead to reductionist readings and, in consequence, to the effacement of unicity (e.g., “Le concept de la marginalité [chez Zola] réunit le meurtrier, le prêtre, l’artiste et la putain” (Mitterand 2002, p. 9). A like process of diminutive amalgamation is awkwardly invoked by Malika Nor, who contends that: “[…] la prostitution [est souvent cataloguée] comme une réalité universelle, atemporelle, bénigne—sinon normale—comme une fatalité inhérente à l’homme.” Nor’s ostensible counter-arguments that follow fundamentally sustain this paradigm of regrettable consolidation and thus puncture the allure of textual singularity.

  5. In this vein, see de Man’s striking reconstitution of figural language (1979); and, more recently still, Smith (1986, pp. 82–94). Insightful notions as to the polyvalent problematics of referentiality are offered, too, in several component essays of Mary Ann Caws’ (Ed.) well-conceived collection (1986). Finally, I refer the reader to my recent trans-temporal study, which, by examining the enigmatic factors of textual resistance and their tropological intonement, probes “the encoded transgressions that impede our entrance, block our access, halt our journey within” (2010, p. 42).

  6. Refer, in like regard, to the masterful essay of Beizer, which appears in a special volume devoted to the “Poetics of Sexuality” (1985a, pp. 45–56), and enhanced by further exploration in a follow-up essay of sorts (1985b, pp. 51–64). Two subsequent book-length studies prove no less compelling (1986, 1994). Other informed, if less focused, readings are proposed by: Slott (1985, pp. 93–104); Clark (1984, pp. 271–298); Chitnis (1991); and somewhat more abstrusely by Warning (1991, pp. 355–383), Lanskin (1996) and Liandrat-Guigues (1995, pp. 149–160).

  7. Barthes (1973, p. 101).

  8. Unless otherwise signaled, all references to Nana (1880), drawn from the assiduously resurrected edition of Chessex and Dezalay (1984) are indicated parenthetically within the text. Useful, too, are the oft illuminating insights provided in the Folio text, established and notated by Mitterand (1977/2002). English adaptations of Zola’s text (where provided) are those of Boyd (1927). Astute, oft keenly intuitive insights are adumbrated by Ripoll in the preface to his annotated edition of Nana (1968, pp. 3–46).

  9. Schor’s characterization of the semioticized image (1978, p. 106), pre-emptively invoked by Serres (1975) and by Buvik (1975) in their savvy analyses; and, in even more nascent form, by Barthes (1955, 1970).

  10. Complementary perspectives are adduced by: Bertrand-Jennings (1973, pp. 242–271; 1977a, pp. 47–54; 1977b); Hamon (1983); Brooks (1989a, pp. 66–86; 1989b: pp. 1–32); Conroy (1978, pp. 239–258); Gural-Migdal (1996, pp. 17–29); Roy-Reverzy (1999, pp. 167–180); Barnett (2006, pp. 102–121; 2007, pp. 164–186; 2011, pp. 227–239; 2012, pp. 87–110); Minogue (2007, pp. 121–136); Altman (2011, pp. 188–202); Krell (1994, 65–79); Amin (2009, pp. 118–129); Lundin (1993, pp. 62–73); April (2005, pp. 163–175); Wagner (2001, pp. 71–86); Marring (2011, pp. 188–202); Bender (2010); Leonard (1963, pp. 149–168); Noetinger (1997, pp. 157–173).

  11. Refer to the perspicuous analyses of Brody (1980). Pertinent, too, are Muratore’s (1994) reflections on the oft perplexing interweave of mimesis and metatextuality.

  12. As a textual decoder, Beizer engages in significant “discovery” when she alludes ever so evocatively to that which “threatens the very principle of Zola’s narrative” (1985a, p. 46); but she also falls prey to the resuscitation-of-meaning syndrome: meaning is relayed, “texts unraveled only to be rewoven” (1985a, pp. 46–47). Ultimately, the exegetical vision she proffers is not unlike that, for example, of Bertrand-Jennings (1971, pp. 117–128), for whom “Zola accomplit […] une œuvre de démiurge, dans le renouvellement et le rajeunissement du mythe de la femme fatale qu’il enrichit de ses visions hallucinatoires” (p. 121); or that of Borie (1971), who applies Freudian concepts to the development of what he terms a signifying “anthropologie mythique”; or even that of Buvik (1975, pp. 105–124), for whom “l’image bestiale” ripples with paradigmatic resonances.

  13. The bipartite phenomenon of appearance and disappearance, presence and absence, creation and destruction, as an act of textual and operational design, is adduced by Conroy (1978, pp. 239–258); and, from an alternate perspective, by Noiray (1981).

  14. In quite another optic and toward differing ends, I examine the pervasively haunting narcissism and textual consequences deriving therefrom in a recent study from which the following passage is drawn: “La figure de la femme, dans Nana, adopte des dimensions démesurées et des contours monstrueux. Elle devient une forme lubrique qui fait tressaillir et se damner peut-être le comte Muffat, rempli de scrupules religieux, et surveillé sans cesse par le mystérieux Venot. Elle est, aussi, face au miroir où elle contemple la merveille de sa nudité, en face de Satin, son double ténébreux dans le monde d’en bas, et son initiatrice aux plaisirs de Lesbos, la figure de l’emblème d’un amour narcissique exalté par le prestige et la fascination de la scène. Enfin et sans revendication aucune, elle s’identifie à ce gouffre qui se creuse sous son hôtel, où s’engloutissent ‘les hommes avec leurs biens, leurs corps, jusqu’à leurs noms.’ Forme ultime sans doute d’un grave affaiblissement irréversible. Mais peut-être aussi figuration dernière du combat qui oppose les êtres et les choses dans la mythologie propre à Zola. Trajectoire d’un affreux effondrement—effroyable, cadavérique (Barnett 2012, pp. 269–270).

  15. A number of faulty and clumped generalizations notwithstanding, the broad-spanning study of Malika Nor auspiciously debunks several ill-conceived misnomers.

  16. The process is revelatory as adduced by Riffaterre (1978, 1979). Other authoritative sources merit consultation: Potolsky (2006), Leduce-Adine (2004) and Girard (2008).

  17. Consult the elegantly poetic and rhetorically sound commentary of Chessex (1984, pp. 4–9). See, too, Gilbert (1980, pp. 67–77), Noiray (1981), Brady (1988, pp. 115–122), Alain (2011, pp. 71–97), Finn (2011, pp. 121–147), Baguely (1986), Bernard (1977), Dijkstra (1988), Barthes (1971).

  18. (1985a, p. 54).

  19. Sophisticated perspectives are offered by Schor, particularly in the chapter titled “Smiles of the sphinx: Zola and the riddle of femininity” (1985, pp. 29–47).

  20. The ineffaceable singularity of this defining moment and image apart, the de-conextualized passage harkens back to an earlier evocation of demise and the pernicious act of bodily adulteration: “La tête, maigre, osseuse, légèrement tuméfiée, grimaçait; elle se penchait un peu, les cheveux collés aux tempes, les paupières levées, montrant le globe blafard des yeux; les lèvres tordues, tirées vers un des coins de la bouche, avaient un ricanement atroce; un bout de langue noirâtre apparaissait dans la blancheur des dents […]. Cette tête, comme tannée et étirée, en gardant une apparence humaine, était restée plus effrayante de douleur et d’épouvante. Le corps semblait un tas de chairs dissoutes; il avait souffert horriblement. On sentait que les bras ne tenaient plus; les clavicules perçaient la peau des épaules. Sur la poitrine verdâtre, les côtes faisaient des bandes noires; le flanc gauche, crevé, ouvert, se creusait au milieu de lambeaux d’un rouge sombre. Tout le torse pourrissait. Les jambes, plus fermes, s’allongeaient, plaquées de taches immondes” (Zola, Thérèse Raquin, pp. 244–245). It is of note that lexical and tropological likenesses beckon our attention; yet the parity is short-lived, for the enigmatic, text-consuming being that is Nana, this ignominious “mangeuse de texte,” effaces any surfacial semblance of analogical affinity. Nana’s unicity is incontrovertibly sustained.

  21. The question is sensitively broached by Carrell (1982). See, too, Graff (1987); Gasché (1982, pp. 203–204); and De Lattre (1975).

  22. “Enfin, plus profondément sans doute, se signifient, dans ce roman du jeu narcissique et de l’amour en série, la négation progressive de toutes les différences et la recherche d’une répétition maniaque qui dénoncent, dans l’œuvre, le passage de la réalité au fantasme, et dans le personnage de Nana, la transformation de la femme réelle en un être fabuleux jailli du monde des obsessions et des rêves” (Barnett 2012, p. 263).

  23. It is not insignificant to note the emblematic (upper-case) status of “Parole”: the far-reaching consequences of such insidious personification, yet another compelling signpost of body-text indivisibility.

  24. (1971, p. 493). See, in a like vein, Ripoll (1981).

  25. Consult Berg (1982, pp. 420–437). No less explicit is Marin’s allusion to, and elaboration of, what he terms “la prétérition” (1978; 1986, pp. 99–112).

  26. I have elsewhere invoked the comportments of a like process of tacitly poetic demise: “Pullulation discursive qui, en triomphant de tout ce qu’elle prétend communiquer, finit, quoique inattendûment, par étrangler tout ce qu’elle dit, l’essence même du dicible. Désormais, cette parole ne saurait représenter que son propre déplacement solitaire, cadavérique, étant la seule survivante du texte, le seul vestige, pour démuni soit-il, qui persiste à se reproduire, à se recréer, à se multiplier, au fur et à mesure que la putrescence esquissée se répand, se génère, s’usurpe, tire à sa fin” (Barnett, 2006, pp. 117–118).

  27. Kristeva (1966, p. 51).

  28. Flaubert’s appraisal, as cited by Dezalay (1984, p. 474).

  29. A skeletal version of this paper, nascently titled “La détextualisation du corps,” was presented at Cambridge University and at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (Paris) in late 2011. I seize this occasion to acknowledge with gratitude the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Frederick A. Treuhaft Foundation for sustained support of this project.

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Correspondence to R.-L. Etienne Barnett.

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Barnett, RL.E. Poetics of infinite regress. Neohelicon 39, 439–452 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11059-012-0151-z

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