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Ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering characterization of diesel/gasoline soot: sizes and particle-packing conditions

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Abstract

Regulations on particulate emissions from internal combustion engines tend to become more stringent, accordingly the importance of particulate filters in the after-treatment system has been increasing. In this work, the applicability of ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering (USAXS) to diesel soot cake and gasoline soot was investigated. Gasoline-direct-injection engine soot was collected at different fuel injection timings. The unified fits method was applied to analyze the resultant scattering curves. The validity of analysis was supported by comparing with carbon black and taking the sample images using a transmission electron microscope, which revealed that the primary particle size ranged from 20 to 55 nm. In addition, the effects of particle-packing conditions on the USAXS measurement were demonstrated by using samples suspended in acetone. Then, the investigation was extended to characterization of diesel soot cake deposited on a diesel particulate filter (DPF). Diesel soot was trapped on a small piece of DPF at different deposition conditions which were specified using the Peclet number. The dependence of scattering curve on soot-deposition conditions was demonstrated. To support the interpretation of the USAXS results, soot cake samples were observed using a scanning electron microscope and the influence of particle-packing conditions on scattering curve was discussed.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Advanced Combustion Engines Program at the US Department of Energy, Office of Vehicle Technologies. The authors would like to thank Dr. Jan Ilavsky for helpful advice on USAXS experiment and data analysis, Dr. Seungmok Choi for help with engine soot sampling, and Dr. Rachel E. Koritala for assistance with microscopy at Argonne National Laboratory. ChemMatCARS Sector15 is principally supported by the National Science Foundation/Department of Energy under grant number NSF/CHE-0822838. Use of the Advanced Photon Source, the Center for Nanoscale Materials, and the Electron Microscopy Center, was supported by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357.

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  1. Center for Transportation Research, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA

    Yuki Kameya & Kyeong O. Lee

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  1. Yuki Kameya
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  2. Kyeong O. Lee
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Correspondence to Yuki Kameya.

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Kameya, Y., Lee, K.O. Ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering characterization of diesel/gasoline soot: sizes and particle-packing conditions. J Nanopart Res 15, 2006 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-013-2006-6

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