Abstract
A widely known alternative for reading and exchanging digital files is the PDF file, by Adobe. This type of file has become the most used for the electronic exchange of files. It is platform-independent, suitable for the exchange of medical data in electronic academic publication. PDF can support additional resources such image, media, even, three-dimensional surface mesh models. A three-dimensional model of the base of the skull is generated from computed tomography images to provide an overview of the PDF file format, with emphasis on biomedical images. Three-dimensional representation in PDF files offers many advantages, as these images have more information than two-dimensional images, therefore, we consider this tool (3D PDF) a good alternative for the visualization, interaction and distribution of 3D content.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10916-019-1233-5/MediaObjects/10916_2019_1233_Fig1_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10916-019-1233-5/MediaObjects/10916_2019_1233_Fig2_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10916-019-1233-5/MediaObjects/10916_2019_1233_Fig3_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10916-019-1233-5/MediaObjects/10916_2019_1233_Fig4_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10916-019-1233-5/MediaObjects/10916_2019_1233_Fig5_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10916-019-1233-5/MediaObjects/10916_2019_1233_Fig6_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10916-019-1233-5/MediaObjects/10916_2019_1233_Fig7_HTML.jpg)
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Who Created the PDF? Adobe Blog, 2015 [cited 2018 Dec 29]. Available from: https://theblog.adobe.com/who-created-pdf/
The history of PDF | How the file format and Acrobat evolved. [cited 2018 Dec 27]. Available from: https://www.prepressure.com/pdf/basics/history
History of PDF – rgbcmyk. [cited 2018 Dec 29]. Available from: http://rgbcmyk.com.ar/en/history-of-pdf/
14:00-17:00. ISO 32000-1:2008. ISO. [cited 2018 Dec 29]. Available from: http://www.iso.org/cms/render/live/en/sites/isoorg/contents/data/standard/05/15/51502.html
14:00-17:00. ISO 32000-2:2017. ISO. [cited 2018 Dec 27]. Available from: http://www.iso.org/cms/render/live/en/sites/isoorg/contents/data/standard/06/35/63534.html
Taking Documents to the Next Level with PDF 2.0. Adobe Blog. 2017 [cited 2018 Dec 29]. Available from: https://theblog.adobe.com/taking-documents-to-the-next-level-with-pdf-2-0/
The Coming of PDF 2.0 - Part 1 | Artifex. [cited 2018 Dec 29]. Available from: https://artifex.com/the-coming-of-pdf-2-0-part-1/
Bangeas, P., Drevelegas, K., Agorastou, C., Tzounis, L., Chorti, A., Paramythiotis, D. et al., Three-dimensional printing as an educational tool in colorectal surgery. Front Biosci Elite Ed. 11:29–37, 2019.
Ruthensteiner, B., Heß, M., Embedding 3D models of biological specimens in PDF publications. Microsc Res Tech. 71(11):778–86. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jemt.20618
Tory, M., Moller, T., Human factors in visualization research. IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph. [cited 2018 Nov 29]; 10(1):72–84, 2004. Available from: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1260759/
Newe, A., and Becker, L., Using Interactive 3D PDF for Exploring Complex Biomedical Data: Experiences and Solutions. Stud Health Technol Inform. 228:740–744, 2016.
Newe, A., and Ganslandt, T., Simplified generation of biomedical 3D surface model data for embedding into 3D portable document format (PDF) files for publication and education. PLoS One 8(11):e79004, 2013.
Phelps, A., Naeger, D. M., and Marcovici, P., Embedding 3D radiology models in portable document format. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 199(6):1342–1344, 2012.
Kumar, P., Ziegler, A., Ziegler, J., Uchanska-Ziegler, B., and Ziegler, A., Grasping molecular structures through publication-integrated 3D models. Trends Biochem Sci. [cited 2018 Dec 3]; 33(9):408–12, 2008. Available from: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0968000408001473
Merritt, E. A., and Bacon, D. J., Raster3D: photorealistic molecular graphics. Methods Enzymol. 277:505–524, 1997.
Herráez, A., Biomolecules in the computer: Jmol to the rescue. Biochem Mol Biol Educ. 34(4):255–61, 2006. Available from: https://iubmb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/bmb.2006.494034042644
Murphy, S. B., Kijewski, P. K., Simon, S. R., Chandler, H. P., Griffin, P. P., Reilly, D. T. et al., Computer-aided simulation, analysis, and design in orthopedic surgery. Orthop Clin North Am. 17(4):637–649, 1986.
Rydmark, M., Kling-Petersen, T., Pascher, R., and Philip, F., 3D visualization and stereographic techniques for medical research and education. Stud Health Technol Inform. 81:434–439, 2001.
Kohli, K., Wei, Z. A., Yoganathan, A. P., Oshinski, J. N., Leipsic, J., and Blanke, P., Transcatheter Mitral Valve Planning and the Neo-LVOT: Utilization of Virtual Simulation Models and 3D Printing. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med. 20(12):99, 2018.
Sun, X., Zhu, K., Zhang, W., Zhang, H., Hu, F., and Wang, C., Three-Dimensional Printing of a Complex Aortic Anomaly. J Vis Exp JoVE. (141), 2018.
Singhal, A. J., Shetty, V., Bhagavan, K. R., Ragothaman, A., Shetty, V., Koneru, G. et al., Improved Surgery Planning Using 3-D Printing: a Case Study. Indian J Surg. 78(2):100–104, 2016.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Human and animal rights
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
Conflict of interest
The author declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This article is part of the Topical Collection on Education & Training
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tabernero Rico, R.D., Juanes Méndez, J.A. & Prats-Galino, A. Application of PDF Software with 3D Functionalities in Radiological Models of the Skull Base: Characteristics, Experience and Solutions. J Med Syst 43, 103 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-019-1233-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-019-1233-5