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Simultaneous functionalization and reduction of graphene oxide with diatom silica

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Abstract

The simultaneous coupling and reduction of graphene oxide (GO) with diatom silica (Amphora sp., Navicula ramossisira and Skeletonema sp.) were demonstrated in this work. Binding of GO with diatom silica via direct esterification reaction at 100 °C was observed as well as the reduction of GO. The Raman spectra of GO-diatom silica revealed the typical peaks for reduced graphene oxide at 1350 cm−1 (D band) and 1585 cm−1 (G band). Infrared spectroscopy also showed the presence of a unique peak at 1260–1300 cm−1 indicative of Si–O–C=O bond formation. This confirms the successful functionalization of GO with silica. Scanning electron microscopy showed the presence of GO on the diatom. For the pennate diatoms, Amphora sp. and N. ramossisira, their pores were closed demonstrating that GO was able to cover the surface of the diatom via the Si–O–C bond formation. For the centric diatom, Skeletonema sp., GO was found to be on its rib cage-like body structure and on its centric top. Electrochemical measurements by cyclic voltammetry using a redox probe, K3[Fe(CN)6], showed that GO-Amphora and GO-Navicula had more surface negative charge compared with bare GO or bare diatom silica. Furthermore, they demonstrated similar surface charge characteristics as the chemically reduced GO (by hydrazine hydrate). This implies that the composite (reduced GO-diatom) can possibly replace chemically reduced GO (by exposure to hydrazine vapor) and it could probably function as an electrode in sensing cationic biomolecules.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) for financial support, the Research Center for Applied Sciences (RCAS) of Academia Sinica, Taiwan for AFM and Raman use, the Department of Materials Science of Ateneo de Manila University for acquiring the SEM images and Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Aquaculture department (SEAFDEC-AQD), Tigbauan, Iloilo City for the diatom samples and Prof Thomas J Pinnavaia of the Department of Chemistry of Michigan State University, MI, USA for the TEM of GO.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Xavier University, Corrales Avenue, Cagayan de Oro City, 9000, Philippines

    Juliet Q. Dalagan

  2. Department of Chemistry, Ateneo de Manila University, Loyola Heights, 1108, Quezon City, Philippines

    Juliet Q. Dalagan & Erwin P. Enriquez

  3. Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 300, Taiwan

    Lain-Jong Li

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  1. Juliet Q. Dalagan
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  2. Erwin P. Enriquez
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  3. Lain-Jong Li
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Correspondence to Juliet Q. Dalagan.

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Dalagan, J.Q., Enriquez, E.P. & Li, LJ. Simultaneous functionalization and reduction of graphene oxide with diatom silica. J Mater Sci 48, 3415–3421 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-012-7128-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-012-7128-1

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