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Landscapes of Labor: Architecture and Identity at a Mexican Hacienda

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Abstract

When seeking to understand past social dynamics, archaeologists often turn to architecture. This paper presents a diachronic study of the architecture of the central Mexican Hacienda San Miguel Acocotla to illuminate how the built environment may be used to control people and transform individual and community identity. Data derived from archaeological, ethnographic, and historical research together provide a rare longitudinal and detailed dataset spanning the seventeenth through nineteenth centuries. Using an analysis that combines space syntax and phenomenology, I find that a mid-nineteenth century renovation of hacienda architecture reflected a contemporary national program of modernization directed at redefining rural labor and community structure.

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Notes

  1. At Acocotla, we chose to use the label “indigenous” for the hacienda’s workers and the neighboring villagers because numerous government documents, ranging from censuses to police reports, label the people of the calpanería and the nearby villages as, without exception indigenous speakers of Nahuatl (the language of the Aztecs). Though it may not have been how people labeled themselves in the past, and assuming ethnic labels based on language can be dangerous, it seems the most reasonable and accurate term to use based on the available information.

  2. ACEHM-CARSO 1686, Mercedes, fondo DCCLXV, f. 623 “las casas de vivienda que se componen de una sala y un aposento techado de vigas con tres puertas con sus llaves y encima una troxe de sacate otra troxe baja de adobe cubierta de zacate con su puerta y llave de iova. Una cocina de adobes cubierta de zacate. Otro aposento grande pegado a la dicha cocina a la parte norte de adobes con su puerta sin llave. Mas otro aposento nuevo de adobes cubierto de zacate con puerta. Un gallinero de tapias pequeño cubierto de zacate, con su puerta. Mas un aposento de terrado y enladrillado arriba con su puerta y llave que cole dentro del patio al pie de la escalera de la troxe de arriba. Un horno de ladrillo enladrillado y revocado de cal. Una capilla del Señor San Miguel cubierta de vigas nuevas y arriba en ladrillada con sus rafos de cal y canto y las paredes de adobes con los hornamentos siguientes: un frontal de razo encarnado y blanco con sus cardas de lama y cazulla de razo blanco, un alua de Juan, un amito de lo mismo, estola manipulo y singulo, manteles de altar de Juan, un calix de plata y patena sobre dorado, un misal con su atril, dos candeleros de madera dorados, un hostirario de oja de lata, una campanilla pequeña, un cajón en que se guarda todo lo referido, una ara y una bolsa con sus corporales, una palia con sus puntas blancas, una cruz de madera dorada y sus vinagreras, una hechura del Señor San Miguel de talla, una mesa de madera, dos sillas de espaldar de baqueta negra, una blanca, la llave de las puertas de dicha capilla, cincuenta y cinco bueyes mansos de arada, los trece viejos, dos vacas de vientre nuevas con siete becerros y becerras de año, doce yugos con doce pares de coyundas crudias, dos yugos de oreja, una carreta vieja con tres cuartas, doce cinchos de hierro de carretas, una arroba y dieciseis libras de hierro en dieciocho marquetas, ocho azadones viejos, dos docenas de hoces viejas, dos hachas la una viscaína y la otra de ojo redondo, un escoplo grande una azuela de martillo y una barrena para cabezar, doce timones nuevos y siete viejos, doce cabezas nuevas, una media fanega herrada y otra sin herrar, seis palas, dieciseis abujas de madera para corral todas con sus latas, tres cobras de mecate, un xaguei con su chilton de cal y canto.”

  3. ANP 1860, Atlixco, f. 218v-220v.)“Su casa es de edificio alto y bajo, tiene su frente mirando al oriente, y se le miden cincuenta y seis varas de latitud, con cincuenta dichas de longitud, en cuyas mesuras se halla fabricado lo siguiente: zahuan techado sobre un arco en él, puertas a dos piezas con ventanas bobas; patio en él una pesebrera al descubierto; sigue un machero techado sobre dos arcos, en el otro lateral una escalera a las azoteas y puertas a una atrox de mucha amplitud solada de ladrillos: sigue un portal con cinco arcos, sobre pilares de ladrillo padeciendo deterioro, en dichas dos piezas, la escalera bajo de cubierta, de dos tramos, en el primero puerta a una pieza entre suelo, el segundo desembarca al corredor, con antepecho de ladrillo, techado con cinco arcos en dicho, puerta a una sala, por una de sus cabeceras puerta y mampara a otra con ventana y puerta a otra pieza con puerta a las azoteas; volviendo a la sala puerta a un miradorcillo y puerta al comedor; con dos alacenas y dos puertas, una al corredor, y otra a la cocina con bracero alto, carbonera, ventana y alacena, puerta a los lugares, una escalera que desciende al corral de gallinas, con su gallinero; volviendo al corredor, puerta a otra pieza y puerta a una atrox que abraza el lateral del patio; bajando al patio se encuentra un cuarto pequeño que sirve de carpintería: saliendo al campo en el mismo frente la puerta del gallinero, un techo nuevo de terrado; la era solada de ladrillo maltratado: en un costado de la casa dos puertas bobas, una al pajar, y la otra a la tlapixquera: siguen unas cercas de tapia en estado de ruina y cinco cuartos también en ruina; la capilla, su cementerio cercado a buen alto, su campanil con campana de dos arrobas de peso. En donde terminan todas las piezas viviendas y oficinas de que se compone esta casa, su fábrica es toda de tierra con poco calicanto, toda la fábrica padeciendo deterioro, en razón de que varias paredes las han trasminado las ratas, las maderas de los techos puertas y ventanas en el mismo estado la mayor parte y haciéndome cargo de lo relacionado, costos de materiales y jornales de operarios, la aprecio en cinco mil trescientos, veintinueve pesos.”

  4. During our research period, Atlixco’s municipal archives were re-catalogued and documents were re-numbered. Except where noted, the records here follow the older system and, for the sake of future research, correspond with the published index (Guadalupe Curi et al. 1984). Bibliographic records followed by an asterisk [*] were not catalogued in the original index and so follow the new system. Interested researchers will find that the two systems of notation are cross-indexed in the archives.

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Acknowledgments

This article would not have been possible without the support and permission of the people of La Soledad Morelos and the Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH), Mexico. In writing the preceding, I benefited greatly from the comments of Katheryn Twiss and Sharon Pochron at Stony Brook University, as well as two anonymous reviewers. Timothy Knab provided the etymology of “Tlilgual.” Archaeological, ethnohistoric, and ethnoarchaeological investigations were made possible through the financial support of The Reed Foundation, New York; the Fine Arts, Humanities, and lettered Social Sciences (FAHSS) Fund, Stony Brook University; the Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc. (FAMSI); the Agrarian Studies Program, Yale University; the John F. Enders Fund, Yale University; the Josef Albers Traveling Fellowship, Department of Anthropology, Yale University; and two anonymous donors. Research at Acocotla was originally begun by Dr. Harold Juli in 2001. Following his untimely death from cancer, I continued this project. Though some data discussed above were collected by Dr. Juli, the interpretations of the data are mine alone.

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  1. Department of History and Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences, SBS 3-301, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-4348, USA

    Elizabeth Terese Newman

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Newman, E.T. Landscapes of Labor: Architecture and Identity at a Mexican Hacienda. Int J Histor Archaeol 21, 198–222 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10761-016-0329-6

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