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Hairy root exudates of allelopathic weed Chenopodium murale L. induce oxidative stress and down-regulate core cell cycle genes in Arabidopsis and wheat seedlings

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Abstract

The effects of Chenopodium murale root exudates, applied as phytotoxic medias (PMs), were tested on Arabidopsis thaliana and Triticum aestivum. The effects of PMs, where wild-type roots (K), hairy roots derived from roots (R clones) or from cotyledons (C clones) were cultured, were different. K medium suppressed Arabidopsis germination, while other PMs reduced root and leaf elongation and the number of rosette leaves. R media were more phytotoxic than C media. Treatment of Arabidopsis with R8 down-regulated expression of core cell cycle genes: cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) A1;1, four B-class CDKs, and cyclins CYCA3;1, CYCB2;4, CYCD4;2 and CYCH1 in root and shoot tips. Only CYCD2;1 transcript was elevated in treated shoots, but down-regulated in roots. Wheat Ta-CDC2 and Ta-CYCD2 genes showed the same expression profiles as their Arabidopsis counterparts, CDKA1;1 and CYCD2;1. PMs also caused increase of antioxidative enzyme activities in both plants. Exposure of Arabidopsis to PMs induced one catalase isoform, but repressed another, resulting in no net change of catalase activity. Wheat seedlings treated with PMs had catalase activity significantly elevated in all treatments, particularly in shoots. In both plants, PMs induced the activity of different peroxidase isozymes and total peroxidase activity. Both plants responded to phytotoxic treatments by induction of CuZn-superoxide dismutase. Thus, the phytotoxicity of C. murale root exudates is, at least partially, based on down-regulation of the cell cycle regulators and on generation of oxidative stress in the affected plants. We propose that C. murale root exudates should be considered as means of biological weed control.

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Abbreviations

3-AT:

3-Aminotriazole

BM:

Basal medium

C9 and C10:

C. murale hairy root clones derived from cotyledons and corresponding phytotoxic root growth media

CAT:

Catalase

CDK:

Cyclin-dependent kinase

CYC:

Cyclin

K:

Phytotoxic medium from wild-type C. murale root culture

PM:

Phytotoxic medium

POX:

Peroxidase

R1, R2, R3, R5 and R8:

C. murale hairy root clones derived from roots and corresponding phytotoxic root growth media

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

β-ME:

β-Mercaptoethanol

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Republic of Serbia—Projects ON173024 and ON173015.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department for Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, University of Belgrade, Bul. Despota Stefana 142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia

    Slavica Dmitrović, Ana Simonović, Nevena Mitić, Jelena Savić, Aleksandar Cingel, Biljana Filipović & Slavica Ninković

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  1. Slavica Dmitrović
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  2. Ana Simonović
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  3. Nevena Mitić
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Correspondence to Slavica Dmitrović.

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Dmitrović, S., Simonović, A., Mitić, N. et al. Hairy root exudates of allelopathic weed Chenopodium murale L. induce oxidative stress and down-regulate core cell cycle genes in Arabidopsis and wheat seedlings. Plant Growth Regul 75, 365–382 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-014-9959-z

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