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Exploration of genetic diversity within Cichorium endivia and Cichorium intybus with focus on the gene pool of industrial chicory

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Abstract

The present study used 15 simple sequence repeat loci to characterize the genetic diversity of the germplasm that originated the current industrial chicory and to establish the relationships between and inside Cichorium intybus L. and Cichorium endivia L. Initially we analyzed 19 cultivated C. endivia accessions, 27 wild and 155 cultivated C. intybus accessions distributed among three groups: 83 root chicories, 42 Witloof and 30 leaf chicories. The leaf chicories comprised cultivars corresponding to the Radicchio, Sugarloaf and Catalogne subgroups. The latter has not been previously included in any genetic diversity study. Subsequently, 1297 individuals from the 15 modern root chicory cultivars at the origin of the breeding of the current industrial root chicory cultivars were analyzed. Although the accessions of C. endivia and C. intybus were clearly separated from each other, seven wild C. intybus individuals were genetically closer to C. endivia than to C. intybus, revealing complex genetic interrelationships between these species. The differentiation of C. intybus into three cultivar groups (Witloof, root chicory and leaf chicory) was confirmed. The leaf chicory individuals were divided into three genetic subgroups, corresponding to the Radicchio, Sugarloaf and Catalogne cultivars, thus attesting to the validity of the classification based on morphological factors. Clear differentiation was observed among the Belgian, Polish and Austrian modern industrial root cultivars, but not among the French industrial modern root cultivars. The high phenotypic and genetic variability of the modern industrial root cultivars indicates that this germplasm constitutes a useful gene pool for cultivar improvement and selection.

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Abbreviations

AFLP:

Amplified fragment length polymorphism

AMOVA:

Analysis of molecular variance

Dps:

Distance proportion of shared alleles

F st :

Fixation index

ITS:

Internal transcribed spacer

PIC:

Polymorphism index content

SSR:

Simple sequence repeat

PCA:

Principal component analyses

UPGMA:

Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean

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Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the Walloon Region (DGARNE-Belgium) for supporting this research (Grant D31-1221).

Conflict of interest

O. Maudoux and C. Notté are employees of Cosucra-Groupe Warcoing S.A.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud L7.05.11, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

    P. Raulier, X. Draye & P. Bertin

  2. Chicoline-Cosucra, Rue de la Sucrerie 1, 7740, Warcoing, Belgium

    O. Maudoux & C. Notté

Authors
  1. P. Raulier
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  2. O. Maudoux
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  3. C. Notté
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  4. X. Draye
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  5. P. Bertin
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to P. Raulier.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

10722_2015_244_MOESM1_ESM.pdf

Supplementary material E.S.M. 1 (A & B) Principal component analysis (PCA) of the C. endivia and C. intybus cultivar groups (first panel). The red square corresponds to the wild C. intybus individuals from Iraq, Pakistan, and the Syrian Arab Republic. (C) PCA of the Witloof group only. (D) PCA of the leaf chicory cultivars. (PDF 12 kb)

10722_2015_244_MOESM2_ESM.pdf

Supplementary material E.S.M. 2 Principal component analysis of the 15 modern industrial chicory cultivars (second panel). Numbers in ellipses represent the 95% confidence interval of the different groups (PDF 105 kb)

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Raulier, P., Maudoux, O., Notté, C. et al. Exploration of genetic diversity within Cichorium endivia and Cichorium intybus with focus on the gene pool of industrial chicory. Genet Resour Crop Evol 63, 243–259 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-015-0244-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-015-0244-4

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