Skip to main content
Log in

The model minority stereotype in Arizona’s anti-immigrant climate: SB 1070 and discordant reactions from Asian Indian migrant organizations

  • Published:
GeoJournal Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This research explores the discordant reactions of local Asian Indian migrant organizations to the passage of Arizona Senate Bill 1070. The objective is to illustrate how migrants from India to Arizona negotiate their identities in the context of this anti-immigrant climate. The research draws insight largely from local records and publications of Asian Indian migrant organizations, including monthly newsletters, board meeting minutes, and other materials found on organizational websites. The analysis chronicles how various Asian Indian migrant organizations shape public discourse about migrant identity, belonging, and citizenship through their reactions to Arizona Senate Bill 1070. The place-based approach provides a way to re-think traditional migration theories and explore the role of racialization in better understanding the consequences of migration from India to the U.S.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. One only needs to recall the the murder of Balbir Singh Sodhi in Mesa, Arizona and the mass shooting of Paramjit Kaur, Suveg Singh, Satwant Singh, Ranjit Singh, Sita Singh, and Prakash Singh in their Gurdwara in Oak Creek, Wisconsin (Kang 2012).

References

  • ACLU. (2010). Friendly House et al. V. Whiting—Complaint. https://www.aclu.org/legal-document/friendly-house-etal-v-whiting-complaint.

  • Alarcón, R. (1999). Recruitment processes among foreign-born engineers and scientists in Silicon Valley. American Behavioral Scientist, 42(9), 1381–1397.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonilla-Silva, E. (2004). From bi-racial to tri-racial: Towards a new system of racial stratificaiton in the USA. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 27(6), 931–950.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brodkin, K. (1998). How Jews became white folks and what that says about race in America. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chacko, E. (2007). From brain drain to brain gain: Reverse migration to Bangalore and Hyderabad, India’s globalizing high-tech cities. GeoJournal, 68(1), 131–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chacko, E. (2015). Hybrid sensibilities: Highly skilled Asian Indians negotiating identity in private and public spaces of Washington, DC. Journal of Cultural Geography, 32(1), 115–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chavez, J. M., & Provine, D. M. (2009). Race and the response of state legislatures to unauthorized immigrants. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 623(3), 78–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, T., & Hart, D. M. (2010). International cooperation to manage high-skill migration: The case of India-U.S. relations. Review of Policy Research, 27(4), 509–526.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dhingra, P. (2015). Collective action, mobility, and shared struggles: How the so-called model minority can come to deny the myt. Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power. doi:10.1080/1070289X.2015.1031235.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ebert, K., & Okamoto, D. (2015). Legitimating contexts, immigrant power, and exclusionary actions. Social Problems, 62(1), 40–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferber, A., & Kimmel, M. (Eds.). (2010). Privilege: A reader. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez, M. (1998). Asian Indian Americans in the Bay area and the glass ceiling. Sociological Perspectives, 41(1), 119–149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (1972). Archaeology of knowledge and the discourse on language. New York: Pantheon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frazier, J. W. (2015). Immigrant experiences and integration trajectories in North American Cities. In C. Teixeira & W. Li (Eds.), The housing and economic experiences of immigrants in U.S. and Canadian Cities. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Golash-Boza, T. M. (2015). Race and racism: A critical approach. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hardwick, S., & Mansfield, G. (2009). Discourse, identity, and “Homeland as Other” at the Borderlands. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 99(2), 383–405.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, M. E., Butler, K. A., Henry, N. F., & Frazier, J. W. (2016). Asian Indian settlement patterns in select American Gateways. In A. K. Dutt, et al. (Eds.), Spatial diversity and dynamics in resources and urban development. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hira, R. (2007). Outsourcing America’s technology and knowledge jobs. Washington, DC: Economic Policy Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • HoSang, D. M., LaBennett, O., & Pulido, L. (Eds.). (2012). Racial formation in the twenty-first century. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ignatiev, N. (1995). How the Irish became white. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inwood, J. F., & Yarbrough, R. A. (2009). Racialized places, racialized bodies: The impact of racialization on individual and place identities. GeoJournal, 75(3), 299–301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson, M. (1998). Whiteness of a different color. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, J. M. (1988). Passage from India: Asian Indian immigrants in North America. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kang, H. B. K. (2012). Colonization is not a ghost: Colonial infused racism is alive and well. Sikh Formations, 8(3), 327–331.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, D. H., & Chacko, E. (2015). Placing immigrant identities. Journal of Cultural Geography, 32(1), 129–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kitano, H., & Sue, S. (1973). The model minorities. Journal of Social Issues, 29(2), 1–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kobayashi, A., & Peake, L. (2000). Racism out of place: thoughts on whiteness and an antiracist geography in the new millennium. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 90(2), 392–403.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leonard, K. I. (1992). Making ethnic choices: California’s Punjabi Mexican Americans. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, W., & Skop, E. (2010). Diaspora in the United States: Chinese and Indians compared. Journal of Chinese Overseas, 6(4), 286–310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, W., Skop, E., & Yu, W. (2016). Enclaves, ethnoburbs, and new patterns of settlement among Asian immigrants. In M. Zhou & J. V. Gatewoodeds (Eds.), Contemporary Asian America: A multidisciplinary reader (Vol. 3, pp. 222–239). New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lipsitz, G. (1995). The possessive investment in whiteness: Racialized social democracy and the “White” problem in American studies. American Quarterly, 47(3), 369–387.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lukinbeal, C., & Sharp, L. (2015). Performing America’s Toughest Sheriff: Media as practice in Joe Arpaio’s Old West. GeoJournal, 80(6), 881–892.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Menjívar, C., & Kil, S. (2002). For their own good: Benevolent rhetoric and exclusionary language in public officials’ discourse on immigrant-related issues. Social Justice, 29(1–2), 160–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oberle, A., & Li, W. (2008). Divergent trajectories: Asian and Latino immigration in Metropolitan Phoenix. In A. Singer & S. Hardwick (Eds.), Suburban immigrant gateways: Immigration and incorporation into new U.S. metropolitan destinations. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Omi, M., & Winant, H. (2014). Racial formation in the United States (3rd ed.). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ong, A. (1996). Cultural citizenship as subject-making: Immigrants negotiate racial and cultural boundaries in the United States. Current Anthropology, 37(5), 737–762.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park, J. Z., & Martinez, B. C. (2014). Young Elite Asian Americans and the model minority stereotype: The nativity effect. Studies on Asia, 4(1), 78–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Passel, J., Cohn, D. V., & Rohal, M. (2014). Unauthorized immigrant totals rise in 7 States, fall in 14: decline in those from Mexico fuels most state decreases. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearce, R. (2014). Arizona’s immigration law is constitutional—And already working. See http://www.usnews.com/debate-club/is-arizonas-sb-1070-immigration-law-constitutional.

  • Prashad, V. (2000). The karma of brown folk. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Purkayastha, B. (2005). Skilled migration and cumulative disadvantage: The case of highly qualified Asian Indian immigrant women in the U.S. Geoforum, 36(2), 181–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rangaswamy, P. (2007). Indian Americans. New York: Chelsea House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudrappa, S. (2004). Ethnic routes to becoming American: Indian immigrants and the cultures of citizenship. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saxenian, A. (2006). The new argonauts. Regional advantage in a global economy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, N. T. (2010). Hip hop desis: South Asian Americans, blackness, and a global race consciousness. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Skop, E. (2012). The immigration and settlement of Asian Indians in Phoenix, Arizona 1965–2011: Ethnic pride vs racial discrimination in the suburbs. New York: Edwin Mellen Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skop, E. (2013). Thirdspace as transnational space. In H. de Kruijf & A. Sahoo (Eds.), Indian transnationalism online: Ethnographic explorations (pp. 81–102). Ashgate Publishing.

  • Skop, E., & Li, W. (2015). Asian Indians and the construction of community and identity. In C. A. Airriess (Ed.), Contemporary ethnic geographies in America (Vol. 3). Lanham, MD: Roman and Littlefield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skop, E., & Menjívar, C. (2001). Phoenix: The newest Latino immigrant gateway. Yearbook of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers, 63(1), 63–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skop, E., & Li, W. (2011). Urban Patterns and Ethnic Diversity. In J. P. Stoltman (Ed.), 21st century Geography: A reference handbook (pp. 323–340). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

  • Slashdot.org. (2010). Arizona “Papers, Please” law may hit tech workers. http://news.slashdot.org/story/10/04/27/2113224/arizona-papers-please-law-may-hit-tech-workers.

  • Sohrabji, S. (2014). Supreme court delivers mixed ruling on SB 1070. IndiaWest. http://www.indiawest.com/news/global_indian/supreme-court-delivers-mixed-ruling-on-sb/article_0b47b66f-eca8-52d6-9f4c-589a1ff770d6.html?mode=jqm.

  • Song, M. (2004). Introduction: Who’s at the bottom? Ethnic and Racial Studies, 27(6), 859–877.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Takaki, R. (1998). Strangers from a different shore: A history of Asian Americans (updated and revised edition). Boston, MA: Back Bay Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thakore, B. K. (2014). Must-see TV: South Asian characterizations in American popular media. Sociology Compass, 8(2), 149–156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thibodeau, P. (2010). Arizona’s new ‘papers, please’ law may hurt H-1B workers. Computer World. http://www.computerworld.com/article/2517571/technology-law-regulation/arizona-s-new–papers–please–law-may-hurt-h-1b-workers.html.

  • Thibodeau, P. (2012). Supreme Court ‘papers please’ ruling hits Arizona H-1B workers. Computer World. http://www.computerworld.com/article/2504863/technology-law-regulation/supreme-court–papers-please–ruling-hits-arizona-h-1b-workers.html.

  • Thornton, M., & Tajima, A. (2014). A “Model” Minority: Japanese Americans as references and role models in black newspapers, 2000–2010. Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies, 11(2), 139–157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thrupkaew, N. (2012). The myth of the model minority. The American Prospect. http://prospect.org/article/myth-model-minority.

  • U.S. Bureau of the Census. (2009). American Community Survey 2009–2013 5-year estimate. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Bureau of the Census. (2013). American community survey 1-year estimate. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Department of State. (2015). Report of the visa office 2014. http://travel.state.gov/content/dam/visas/Statistics/AnnualReports/FY2014AnnualReport/FY14AnnualReport-TablXVII.pdf.

  • U.S. News and World Report. (2014). http://www.usnews.com/debate-club/is-arizonas-sb-1070-immigration-law-constitutional.

  • Wang, S., & Wang, Q. (2011). Contemporary Asian immigrants in the United States and Canada. In C. Teixeira, W. Li, & A. Kobayashi (Eds.), Immigrant geographies of North American cities (pp. 208–230). Don Mills, ON: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wodak, R. (1996). Disorders of discourse. London: Addison Wesley Longman Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, R., & Ellis, M. (2000). Race, region and the territorial politics of immigration in the US. International Journal of Population Geography, 6(3), 197–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xiang, B. (2004). Indian information technology professionals’ world system: The nation and the transnation in individuals’ migration strategies. In B. S. A. Yeoh & K. Willis (Eds.), State/nation/transnation: Perspectives of transnationalism in the Asia-Pacific (pp. 161–178). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Emily Skop.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

Emily Skop declares that she has no conflict of interest. She also followed all procedures in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (institutional and national) and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2008. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Skop, E. The model minority stereotype in Arizona’s anti-immigrant climate: SB 1070 and discordant reactions from Asian Indian migrant organizations. GeoJournal 82, 553–566 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-016-9704-4

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-016-9704-4

Keywords

Navigation