The main interpretations of the quantum-mechanical wave function are presented emphasizing how they can be divided into two ensembles: The ones that deny and the other ones that attribute a form of reality to quantum waves. It is also shown why these waves cannot be classical and must be submitted to the restriction of the complementarity principle. Applying the concept of smooth complementarity, it is shown that there can be no reason to attribute reality only to the events and not to the wave or to the initial state of a given system. Thereafter, an experiment proposed by the authors is presented, where it is shown that the wave-like behaviour allows predictions that are not allowed on the grounds of a particle-like behaviour. In conclusion, we upheld that quantum waves must be real even if they do not belong to the same ontological level of events, which connected with particle detections.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
M. Jammer (1966) The Conceptual Development of Quantum Mechanics EditionNumber2 McGraw-Hill New York
W. Heisenberg (1927) ArticleTitleÜber den anschaulichen Inhalt der quantentheoretischen Kinematik und Mechanik Z. Phys. 43 172–198 Occurrence Handle1927ZPhy...43..172H
M. Born (1926) ArticleTitleQuantenmechanik der Stoß vorgänge Z. Phys. 38 803–827 Occurrence Handle1926ZPhy...38..803B
M. Born (1926) ArticleTitleDie Adiabatenprinzip in der Quantenmechanik Z. Phys. 40 167–192 Occurrence Handle1927ZPhy...40..167B
M. Born (1927) ArticleTitleQuantenmechanik und Statistik Naturwiss 15 238–242 Occurrence Handle1927NW.....15..238B
E. P. Wigner, Remarks on the mind-body question, in The Scientist Speculates. I. J. Good, ed., (London , Heinemann, 1961), 284–302. (Reprint. in [40, 168–181].).
A. Zeilinger (2004) Why the Quantum? It from bit? A partecipatory universe?: Three Far–Reaching Visionary Questions from John Archibald Wheeler and How They Inspired a Quantum Experimentalist J. D. Barrow P.C. W. Davies C. L. Harper SuffixJr. (Eds) Science and Ultimate Reality: Quantum Theory, Cosmology and Complexity Cambridge University Press Cambridge
N. Bohr (1928) ArticleTitleThe Quantum Postulate and the recent development of atomic theory Nature 121 580–590 Occurrence HandleJFM 54.1006.01 Occurrence Handle1928Natur.121..580B
N. Bohr H. A. Kramers J. C. Slater (1924) ArticleTitleÜber die Quantentheorie der Strahlung Z. Phys. 24 69–87
W. Bothe H. Geiger (1924) ArticleTitleEin Weg zur experimentellen Nachprüfung der Theorie von Bohr, Kramers and Slater Z. Phys. 26 44
W. Bothe H. Geiger (1925) ArticleTitleExperimentelles zur Theorie von Bohr, Kramers and Slater Naturwiss 13 440–441 Occurrence Handle1925NW.....13..440B
W. Bothe H. Geiger (1925) ArticleTitleÜber das Wesen des Comptoneffekts; ein experimenteller Beitrag zur Theorie der Strahlung Z. Phys. 32 639–663
A. H. Compton A. W. Simon (1925) ArticleTitleDirected quanta of scattered x–rays Phys. Rev 26 289–299 Occurrence Handle1925PhRv...26..289C
E. Schrödinger (1927) ArticleTitleEnergieaustausch nach der Wellenmechanik Ann. Phys. 83 956–968
E. Schrödinger (1952) ArticleTitleAre There Quantum Jumps? I–II The Br. Jour. Philos. Soc. 3 IssueID109–123 233–242
M. Jammer (1974) The Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics. The Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics in Historical Perspective Wiley New York
L. de Broglie (1927) ArticleTitleLa structure de la matière et du rayonnement et la mécanique ondulatoire Compt. Rend. l’Ac. Soc. 184 273–274 Occurrence HandleJFM 53.0834.01
L. de Broglie (1927) Compt. Rend. l’Ac. Soc. 185 380–382 Occurrence HandleJFM 53.0834.02
L. de Broglie (1927) J. de Phys. 8 225–241
L. de Broglie (1955) ArticleTitleUne interprétation nouvelle de la mécanique ondulatoire est-elle possible? Nuovo Cimento 1 37–50 Occurrence Handle0064.21601 Occurrence Handle71317
L. de Broglie (1956) Une tentative d’Interpretation Causale et Non-linéaire de la Mécanique ondulatoire Gauthier-Villars Paris
I. Bialynicki-Birula J. Mycielski (1976) ArticleTitleNonlinear Wave Mechanics Ann. Phys. 100 62–93 Occurrence Handle1976AnPhy.100...62B Occurrence Handle426670
A. Shimony (1979) ArticleTitleProposed neutron interferometer test of some non-linear variants of Wave Mechanics Phys. Rev. A20 394–396 Occurrence Handle1979PhRvA..20..394S
C. G. Shull D. K. Atwood J. Arthur M. A. Horne (1980) ArticleTitleSearch for a nonlinear variant of the Schrödinger equation by neutron interferometry Phys. Rev. Lett. 44 765–768 Occurrence Handle1980PhRvL..44..765S
I. Bialynicki-Birula M. Cieplak J. Kaminski (1992) Theory of Quanta University Press Oxford
D. Bohm (1952) ArticleTitleA suggested interpretation of the quantum theory in terms of ‘hidden variables Phys. Rev. 85 166–193 Occurrence Handle1952PhRv...85..166B Occurrence Handle46287
G. Auletta, Foundations and Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics. In the Light of a Critical-Historical Analysis of the Problems and of a Synthesis of the Results (World Scientific, Singapore, 2000; revised edn. 2001).
F. Selleri (1982) ArticleTitleOn the direct observability of quantum waves Found. Phys. 12 1087–1112 Occurrence Handle1982FoPh...12.1087S Occurrence Handle683677
N. Bohr (1987) Atoms and human knowledge N. Bohr (Eds) Philosophical Writings, vol. II. Ox Bow Press Woodbridge, Connecticut, 1958–1963 83–93
A. C. Elitzur L. Vaidman (1993) ArticleTitleQuantum Mechanical interaction–free measurements Found. Phys. 23 987–997 Occurrence Handle1993FoPh...23..987E
N. Bohr (1958) Quantum Physics and philosophy R. Kilbansky (Eds) Philosophy in the Mid-Century. Firenze, La Nuova Italia
M. Born (1964) Natural Philosophy of cause and chance Dover New York
W. Heisenberg (1958) Physics and Philosophy Harper New York
F. Selleri (1969) ArticleTitleOn the Wave Function of quantum mechanics Lett. Nuovo Cimento 1 908–910
A. Garuccio K. Popper J.-P. Vigier (1981) Phys. Lett. 86A 397 Occurrence Handle1981PhLA...86..397G
A. Garuccio V. Rapisarda J.-P. Vigier (1982) ArticleTitleNext experimental set-up for the detection of de Broglie waves Phys. Lett. 90A 17–19 Occurrence Handle1982PhLA...90...17G
G. Tarozzi (1985) ArticleTitleExperimental tests of the properties of the quantum–mechanical wave function Lett. Nuovo Cimento 42 438–442 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF02749451 Occurrence Handle1985NCimL..42..438T
J. R. Croca (1987) ArticleTitleNeutron interferometry can prove (or refute) the existence of de Broglie’s waves Found. Phys. 17 971–980 Occurrence Handle1987FoPh...17..971C
G. Badurek H. Rauch J. Summhammer (1983) ArticleTitleTime-dependent superposition of spinors Phys. Rev. Lett. 51 1015–1018 Occurrence Handle1983PhRvL..51.1015B
J.-P. Vigier, C. Dewdney, P. R. Holland and A. Kyprianidis, ‘‘Causal particle trajectories and the interpretation of quantum mechanics’’, in Quantum Implications: Essays in Honor of David Bohm. B. J. Hiley and F. D. Peat, eds., (Routledge, London, 1987, 1991, 1994), pp. 169–204.
P. Mittelstaedt A. Prieur R. Schieder (1987) ArticleTitleUnsharp particle-wave duality in a photon split-beam experiment Found. Phys. 17 891–903 Occurrence Handle1987FoPh...17..891M
W. Wootters and W. H. Zurek, ‘‘Complementarity in the double-slit experiment: Quantum non separability and a quantitative statement of Bohr’s principle’’, Phys. Rev. D19, 473–484.
D. M. Greenberger A. Yasin (1988) ArticleTitleSimultaneous wave and particle knowledge in a neutron interferometer Phys. Lett. 128A 391–394 Occurrence Handle1988PhLA..128..391G
B.-G. Englert (1996) ArticleTitleFringe visibility and which-way information: An inequality’‘ Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 2154–2157 Occurrence Handle1996PhRvL..77.2154E
X. Y. Zou T. P. Grayson L. J. Wang L. Mandel (1992) ArticleTitleCan an empty de Broglie pilot wave induce oherence? Phys. Rev. Lett. 68 3667–3669 Occurrence Handle1992PhRvL..68.3667Z
L. J. Wang X. Y. Zou L. Mandel (1991) ArticleTitleExperimental test of the Broglie guided-wave theory for photons Phys. Rev. Lett. 66 1111–1114 Occurrence Handle1991PhRvL..66.1111W
L. Hardy (1992) ArticleTitleOn the existence of empty waves in quantum theory Phys. Lett. 167A 11–16 Occurrence Handle1992PhLA..167...11H Occurrence Handle1177567
C. Monroe D. M. Meekhof B. E. King D. J. Wineland (1996) ArticleTitleA ‘Schrödinger Cat’ superposition state of an atom Science 272 1131–1136 Occurrence Handle1389552 Occurrence Handle1996Sci...272.1131M
M. Brune, E. Hagley, J. Dreyer, X. Maitre, A. Maali, C. Wunderlich, J. M. Raimond and S. Haroche, ‘‘Observing the progressive decoherence of the ‘meter’ in a quantum measurement’’, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 4887–4890 (1996).
W. H. Zurek (1982) ArticleTitlePointer Basis of quantum apparatus: Into what mixture does the wave packet collapse? Phys. Rev. D24 1516–1525 Occurrence Handle1981PhRvD..24.1516Z Occurrence Handle628856
W. H. Zurek (1982) ArticleTitleEnvironment-induced Superselection Rules Phys. Rev. D26 1862–1880 Occurrence Handle1982PhRvD..26.1862Z Occurrence Handle677634
G. Auletta, ‘‘Quantum information as a general paradigm’’, submitted to Found. Phys.
G. Auletta G. Tarozzi (2004) ArticleTitleWavelike correlations versus path detection: Another form of complementarity Found. Phys. Lett. 17 889–895 Occurrence Handle2031692
J. A. Wheeler, ‘‘The ‘past’ and the ‘delayed-choice’ Double-Slit Experiment’’, Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Theory. in A. R. Marlow, ed., (Academic Press, New York, 1978), pp. 9–48.
G. M. D’Ariano H. P. Yuen (1996) ArticleTitleImpossibility of measuring the wave function of a single quantum system Phys. Rev. Lett. 76 2832–2835 Occurrence Handle10.1103/PhysRevLett.76.2832 Occurrence Handle1996PhRvL..76.2852A
G. Auletta, ‘‘Quantum information and inferential reasoning’’, submitted to Found. Phys.
N. Bohr (1987) Philosophical Writings Ox Bow Press Woodbridge, Connecticut, 1958–1963
M. Born (1963) Ausgewählte Abhandlungen Vandehoeck and Ruprecht Göttingen Occurrence Handle0121.24201
J. A. Wheeler W. H. Zurek (1983) Quantum Theory and Measurement Princeton University Press
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Institute of Philosophy, University of Urbino, Urbino 610 29, Italy; tarizzi@uniurb.it
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Auletta, G., Tarozzi, G. On the Physical Reality of Quantum Waves. Found Phys 34, 1675–1694 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10701-004-1309-y
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10701-004-1309-y