Abstract
A sudden decrease in water depth, called a negative surge or expansion wave, is characterised by a gentle change in free-surface elevation. Some geophysical applications include the ebb tide flow in macro-tidal estuaries, the rundown of swash waters and the retreating waters after maximum tsunami runup in a river channel. The upstream propagation of expansion waves against an initially steady flow was investigated in laboratory under controlled flow conditions including detailed free-surface velocity and Reynolds stress measurements. Both non-intrusive free-surface measurements and intrusive velocity measurements were conducted for relatively large Reynolds numbers with two types of bed roughness. The data showed that the propagation of expansion waves appeared to be a relatively smooth lowering to the water surface. The wave leading edge celerity data showed a characteristic trend, with a rapid acceleration immediately following the surge generation, followed by a deceleration of the leading edge surge towards an asymptotical value: \((\mathrm{U}+\mathrm{V}_\mathrm{o})/(\mathrm{g}\times \mathrm{d}_\mathrm{o})^{1/2}=1\) for both smooth and rough bed experiments. The results indicated that the bed roughness had little to no effect, within the experimental flow conditions. Relatively large fluctuations in free-surface elevation, velocity and turbulent shear stress were recorded beneath the leading edge of the negative surge for all flow conditions. The instantaneous turbulent shear stress levels were significantly larger than the critical shear stress for sediment erosion. The present results implied a substantial bed erosion during an expansion wave motion.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bradshaw P (1971) An introduction to turbulence and its measurement. Pergamon Press, Oxford. The Commonwealth and International Library of Science and Technology Engineering and Liberal Studies, Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics Division
Brown R, Chanson H (2012) Suspended sediment properties and suspended sediment flux estimates in an urban environment during a major flood event. In: Water resources research, AGU, vol 48, Paper W11523. doi:10.1029/2012WR012381
Bryson AE (1969) Film notes for waves in fluids. National Committee in Fluid Mechanics Films, No. 21611
Cantwell BJ (1976) A flying hot wire study of the turbulent near wake of a circular cylinder at a Reynolds Number of 140,000. PhD Thesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena
Chanson H (2004) Environmental hydraulics of open channel flows. Elsevier-Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford
Chanson H, Lubin P (2013) Chapter 3: mixing and sediment processes induced by tsunamis propagating upriver. In: Cai T (ed) Tsunamis: economic impact, disaster management and future challenges. Nova Science Publishers, Hauppauge, pp 65–102
Chanson H, Reungoat D, Simon B, Lubin P (2011) High-frequency turbulence and suspended sediment concentration measurements in the Garonne River tidal bore. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 95(2–3):298–306. doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2011.09.012
Graf WH (1971) Hydraulics of sediment transport. McGraw-Hill, New York
Hazarrika H, Kasama K, Suetsugu D, Kataoka S, Yasufuku N (2013) Damage to geotechnical structures in waterfront areas of northern Tohoku due to the March 11, 2011 tsunami disaster. Indian Geotech J 43(2):137–152
Henderson FM (1966) Open channel flow. MacMillan Company, New York
Hughes SA (1993) Physical models and laboratory techniques in coastal engineering. In: Advanced series on ocean Engineering, vol 7. World Scientific Publishing, Singapore
Ishihara K, Araki K, Bradley B (2011) Characteristics of liquefaction-induced damage in the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake. In: Proceedings of the international conference on geotechnics for sustainable development (Geotec Hanoi 2011), Hanoi, Vietnam, 6–7 October
Jacobs W, Le Hir P, Van Kesteren W, Cann P (2011) Erosion threshold of sand–mud mixtures. Cont Shelf Res 31(Supplement):S14–S25. doi:10.1016/j.csr.2010.05.012
Julien PY (1995) Erosion and sedimentation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Kim J, Moin P (1986) The structure of the vorticity field in turbulent channel flow. J Fluid Mech 162:339–363
Lauber G (1997) Experimente zur Talsperrenbruchwelle im glatten geneigten Rechteckkanal (‘Dam break wave experiments in rectangular channels’). PhD Thesis, VAW-ETH, Zürich (in German)
Leng X, Chanson H (2014) Propagation of negative surges in rivers and estuaries: unsteady turbulent mixing and the effects of bed roughness. Hydraulic Model Report No. CH93/13. School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane
Liggett JA (1994) Fluid mechanics. McGraw-Hill, New York
Mahmood K, Yevdjevich V (1975) Unsteady flow in open channels, 3 volumes. WRP Publications, Fort Collins
Novak P, Cabelka J (1981) Models in hydraulic engineering. Physical principles and design applications. Pitman Publishing, London
Okayasu A, Shimozono T, Yamazaki H, Ngai T, Sato S (2013) Severe erosion of sandbar at Unosumai River mouth, Iwate, due to 2011 Tohoku tsunami. In: Proceedings of the coastal dynamics 2013, Arcachon, France, pp 1311–1320
Otsubo K, Muraoko K (1988) Critical shear stress of cohesive bottom sediments. J Hydraul Eng ASCE 114(10):1241–1256
Perry AE, Watmuff JH (1981) The phase-averaged large-scale structures in three-dimensional turbulent wakes. J Fluid Mech 103:33–61
Perry AE, Lim TT, Chong MS (1980) The instantaneous velocity fields of coherent structures in coflowing jets and wakes. J Fluid Mech 101(2):243–256
Reichstetter M, Chanson H (2013) Negative surges in open channels: physical and numerical modeling. J Hydraul Eng ASCE 139(3):341–346. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000674
Reungoat D, Chanson H, Caplain B (2014) Sediment processes and flow reversal in the undular tidal bore of the Garonne River (France). Environ Fluid Mech 14(3):591–616. doi:10.1007/s10652-013-9319-y
Sanchez M, Levacher D (2008) Erosion d’une vase de l’estuaire de la Loire sous l’action du courant (‘erosion of a mud from the Loire estuary by a flow’). Bull Eng Geol Environ 67:597–605. doi:10.1007/s10064-008-0159-9
Sasaki Y, Towhata I, Miyamoto K, Shirato M, Narita A, Sasaki T, Sako S (2012) Reconnaissance report on damage in and around river levees caused by the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku earthquake. Soils Found 52(5):1016–1032
Sato S (2013) 2011 Tohoku tsunami and future directions for tsunami disaster mitigation. In: Wang Z, Lee JHW, Gao J, Cao S (eds) Proceedings of the 35th IAHR world congress, Chengdu, China, 8–13 September, invited keynote (CD-ROM)
Tanaka H, Nguyen XT, Umeda M, Hirao R, Pradjoko E, Mano A, Udo K (2012a) Coastal and estuarine morphology changes induced by the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake tsunami. Coast Eng J 54(1), paper 1250010. doi:10.1142/S0578563412500106
Tanaka N, Yagisawa J, Yasuda S (2012b) Characteristics of damage due to tsunami propagation in river channels and overflow of their embankments in Great East Japan earthquake. Int J River Basin Manag 10(3):269–279
Tanaka H, Adityawan MB, Udo K, Mano A (2014) Breaching and tsunami water drainage at old river mouth locations during the 2011 tsunami. In: Proceedings of the 34th international conference of coastal engineering, ASCE-KSCE, Seoul, Korea
Van Kessel T, Blom C (1998) Rheology of cohesive sediments: comparison between a natural and an artificial mud. J Hydraul Res IAHR 36(4):591–612
Viollet PL, Chabard JP, Esposito P, et Laurence D (2002) Mécanique des Fluides Appliquée. Ecoulements Incompressibles dans les Circuits, Canaux et Rivières, autour des Structures et dans l’Environnement (‘applied fluid mechanics. Incompressible flows in pipes, channels and rivers, around structures and in the environment’), 2ème édition. Presses des Ponts et Chaussées, Paris
Wilson RI, Admire AR, Borrero JC, Dengler LA, Legg MR, Lynett P, Mccrink TP, Miller KM, Ritchie A, Sterling K, Whitmore PM (2013) Observations and impacts from the 2010 Chilean and 2011 Japanese tsunamis in California (USA). Pure Appl Geophys 170:1127–1147. doi:10.1007/s00024-012-0527-z
Yasusa H (2010) One-dimensional study on propagation of tsunami wave in river channels. J Hydraul Eng ASCE 136(2):93–105
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Professor Hitoshi Tanaka, Tohoku University (Japan) for his advice and relevant information, as well as Dr. Mario Franca, EPFL (Switzerland) and Professor Fabian Bombardelli, University of California Davis (USA) for their helpful comments. The authors acknowledge the technical of Jason Van Der Gevel and Matthews Stewart, School of Civil Engineering at the University of Queensland. The financial support of the Australian Research Council (Grant DP120100481) is acknowledged.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Appendix: on ensemble-averaging
Appendix: on ensemble-averaging
A fundamental challenge was the flow unsteadiness associated with the very-rapidly-varied unsteady motion during the surge propagation. While phase-averaging can be easily performed in periodic flows (e.g., [4, 23]), the technique is not suitable to very-rapidly-varied flows including the present study. Instead the experiments must be repeated in a carefully controlled manner and the results must be ensemble-averaged [1, 15]. Herein each experiment was conducted 25 times, although it is acknowledged that the number of repeated runs was relatively limited. A sensitivity analysis was performed on the effects of experiment number in terms of the free-surface properties, longitudinal velocity component and tangential stress \(\overline{\mathrm{v}_\mathrm{x} \times \mathrm{v}_\mathrm{z}}\) for the rough bed configuration. The results showed that, during the propagation of the negative surge, including the leading edge passage, the time-variations of the free-surface elevation and free-surface fluctuations \((\mathrm{d}_{90}-\mathrm{d}_{10})\) were basically independent of the number of experiments for a minimum of 15 runs. And the time-variations of the longitudinal velocity component and velocity fluctuations \((\mathrm{V}_{90}-\mathrm{V}_{10})\) were basically independent of the number of experiments for a minimum of 15 runs. Similarly the time variations of the median tangential stress \(\overline{\mathrm{v}_\mathrm{x} \times \mathrm{v}_\mathrm{z}} \) were little affected by the number of runs for a minimum of 20 runs. Altogether it is believed that the selection of 25 repeats was a reasonable compromise and may be compared with the results of Perry et al. [24] who needed 10 samples for convergence of the phase-averaged data. Herein the data were presented in terms of the median and decile difference values. This approach is commonly used in statistics with small to medium size data sets for which the mean and standard deviation values may be biased by outliers.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Leng, X., Chanson, H. Unsteady turbulence in expansion waves in rivers and estuaries: an experimental study. Environ Fluid Mech 15, 905–922 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10652-014-9385-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10652-014-9385-9