Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Evidence-Based Strategies for Fostering Biliteracy in Any Classroom

  • Published:
Early Childhood Education Journal Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A substantial percentage of students in U.S. schools speak languages other than English at home, yet very few are enrolled in educational contexts that seek to develop their bilingual and biliterate skills and identities, despite the fact that research continues to show the importance of creating space for bilingual and biliterate practices in the classroom in order for students to progress academically. This paper explores the literature on biliteracy development with a focus on Spanish/English bilingual students in the early elementary grades. Several classroom activities are then presented that have been found by educational researchers to be effective in fostering biliteracy development in emergent bilinguals and that can be implemented in any classroom by bilingual or monolingual teachers. The potential for such activities to foster positive biliterate identities and expand bilingual students’ future options are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ada, A. F. (2003). A magical encounter: Latino children’s literature in the classroom. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anzaldúa, G. (1987). Borderlands, la frontera: The new mestiza. San Francisco, CA: Aunt Lute Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Athanases, S. (1998). Diverse learners, diverse texts: Exploring identity and difference through literary encounters. Journal of Literacy Research, 30(2), 273–296.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Au, K. (1995). Multicultural perspectives on literacy. Journal of Literacy Research, 27(1), 85–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • August, D., & Shanahan, T. (Eds.). (2006). Developing literacy in second-language learners: Report of the National Literacy Panel on language-minority children and youth. Mahwah, NJ: Center for Applied Linguistics, Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrera, R. B., & Quiroa, R. E. (2003). The use of Spanish in Latino children’s literature in English: What makes for cultural authenticity? In D. L. Fox & K. G. Short (Eds.), Stories matter: The complexity of cultural authenticity in children’s literature (pp. 247–265). Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beach, R. (1997). Students’ resistance to engagement with multicultural literature. In T. Rogers & A. O. Soter (Eds.), Reading across cultures: Teaching literature in a diverse society (pp. 161–177). New York, NY: Teachers College Press, Columbia University and the National Council of Teachers of English.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bedore, L. M., Peña, E. D., & Boerger, K. (2010). Ways to words: Learning a second-language vocabulary. In M. Shatz & L. Wilkerson (Eds.), The education of English language learners: Research to practice (pp. 87–107). New York: Guilford Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chappell, S., & Faltis, C. (2007). Spanglish, bilingualism, culture and identity in Latino children’s literature. Children’s Literature in Education, 38(4), 253–262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de la Luz Reyes, M. (2012). Spontaneous biliteracy: Examining Latino students’ untapped potential. Theory Into Practice, 51(4), 248–255.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Desai, L. (1997). Reflections on cultural diversity in literature and in the Classroom. In T. Rogers & A. O. Soter (Eds.), Reading across cultures: Teaching literature in a diverse society (pp. 161–177). New York, NY: Teachers College Press, Columbia University and the National Council of Teachers of English.

    Google Scholar 

  • Durgunoglu, A. (1998). Acquiring literacy in English and Spanish in the United States. In A. Durgunoglu & L. Verhoeven (Eds.), Literacy development in a multilingual context: Cross cultural perspectives (pp. 135–145). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Echevarría, D. (2010). Top multilingual U.S. cities, Retrieved from Beyond words-language blog, http://www.altalang.com/beyond-words/2010/03/03/top-multilingual-u-s-cities/

  • Enciso, P. (1994). Cultural identity and response to literature: Running lessons from “Maniac McGee”. Language Arts, 71(7), 524–533.

    Google Scholar 

  • Escamilla, K., Ruiz-Figueroa, O. A., Hopewell, S., Butvilofsky, S., & Sparrow, W. (2010). Transitions to biliteracy: Literacy squared, 2004–2009 (Final technical report). Boulder, CO: Self-Published.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galda, L. (1998). Mirrors and windows: Reading as transformation. In T. E. Raphael & K. H. Au (Eds.), Literature-based instruction: Reshaping the curriculum (pp. 1–12). Norwood, MA: Christopher-Gordon Publishers Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • García, O., Kleifgen, J., & Falchi, L. (2008). From English language learners to emergent bilinguals, Equity Matters, Research review #1. New York: Teachers College, Columbia University. http://www.equitycampaign.org/i/a/document/6532_Ofelia_ELL_Final.pdf

  • Gee, J. (1999). Introduction to discourse analysis. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Genesee, F., Lindholm-Leary, K., Saunders, W., & Christian, D. (2005). English language learners in U.S. schools: An overview of research findings. Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk, 10(4), 363–385.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guerra, J. (2007). Out of the valley: Transcultural repositioning as a rhetorical practice in ethnography research and other aspects of everyday life. In C. Lewis, P. Enciso, & E. Moje (Eds.), Reframing sociocultural research on literacy, identity, agency, and power (pp. 137–162). Mahway, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gutiérrez, K. D., Baquedano-López, P., Alvarez, H., & Chiu, M. M. (1999). Building a culture of collaboration through hybrid language practices. Theory into Practice, 38, 87–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gutiérrez, K. D., Bien, A. C., Selland, M. K., & Pierce, D. M. (2011). Polylingual and polycultural learning ecologies: Mediating emergent academic literacies for dual language learners. Journal of Early Childhood Literacy, 11(2), 232–261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hancock, D. R. (2002). The effects of native language books on the pre-literacy skill development of language minority kindergartners. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 17(1), 62–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, J. H. (1995). Junk Spanish, covert racism, and the (leaky) boundary between public and private spheres. Pragmatics, 5(2), 197–212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hopewell, & Escamilla, K. (2014). Struggling reader or emergent biliterate student? Reevaluating the criteria for labeling emerging bilingual students as low achieving. Journal of Literacy Research, 46(1), 68–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jared, D., Cormier, P., Levy, B. A., & Wade-Woolley, L. (2011). Early predictors of biliteracy development in children in French immersion: A 4-year longitudinal study. Journal of Educational Psychology, 103(1), 119–139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jiménez, R. (1997). The strategic reading abilities and potential of five low-literacy Latina/o readers in middle school. Reading Research Quarterly, 32, 224–243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jiménez, R. T. (2000). Literacy and the identity development of Latino/a students. American Educational Research Journal, 37(4), 971–1000.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsey, K. A., Manis, F. R., & Bailey, C. E. (2003). Prediction of first-grade reading in Spanish-speaking English-language learners. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95(3), 482–494.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lohfink, G., & Loya, J. (2010). The nature of Mexican American third graders’ engagement with culturally relevant picture books. Bilingual Research Journal, 33(3), 346–363.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manyak, P. (2001). Participation, hybridity, and carnival: A situated analysis of a dynamic literacy practice in a primary-grade English immersion class. Journal of Literacy Research, 33(3), 423–465.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martínez-Roldán, C. M. (2003). Building worlds and identities: A case study of the role of narratives in bilingual literature discussions. Research in the Teaching of English, 37(4), 491–526.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martínez-Roldán, C. M. (2013). The representation of Latinos and the use of Spanish: A critical content analysis of Skippyjon Jones. Journal of Children’s Literature, 39(1), 5–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martínez-Roldán, C. M., & López-Robertson, J. M. (1999). Initiating literature circles in a first-grade bilingual classroom. The Reading Teacher, 53(4), 270–281.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martínez-Roldán, C. M., & Malave, G. (2004). Language ideologies mediating literacy and identity in bilingual contexts. Journal of Early Childhood Literacy, 4(2), 155–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martínez-Roldán & Sayer. (2006). Reading through linguistic borderlands: Latino students’ transactions with narrative texts. Journal of Early Childhood Literacy, 6(3), 293–322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCarthey, S. J., & Moje, E. B. (2002). Identity matters. Reading Research Quarterly, 37(2), 228–238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Medina, C. (2010). “Reading across communities” in biliteracy practices: Examining translocal discourses and cultural flows in literature discussions. Reading Research Quarterly, 45(1), 40–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, K. (2000). Education for democratic citizenship: Transnationalism, multiculturalism, and the limits of liberalism. Harvard Educational Review, 71(1), 51–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moje, E., Ciechanowski, K., Kramer, K., Ellis, L., Carrillo, R., & Collazo, T. (2004). Working toward third space in content area literacy: An examination of everyday funds of knowledge and discourse. Reading Research Quarterly, 39(1), 38–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moll, L. C., & González, N. (1994). Lessons from research with language minority children. Journal of Literacy Research, 26(4), 439–456.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morren López, M. (2011). Children’s language ideologies in a first grade dual-language class. Journal of Early Childhood Literacy, 12(2), 176–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Naidoo, J. C. (2011). Embracing the face at the window: Latino representation in children’s literature and the ethnic identity development of Latino children. In J. Naidoo (Ed.), Celebrating cuentos: Promoting Latino children’s literature and literacy in classrooms and libraries (pp. 259–272). New York: ABC-CLIO (Libraries Unlimited).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nilsson, N. L. (2005). How does Hispanic portrayal in children’s books measure up after 40 years? The answer is “It depends”. The Reading Teacher, 58(6), 534–548.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Payán, R. M., & Nettles, M. T. (2008). Current state of English-language learners in the U.S. K-12 student population. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service. Retrieved from http://www.ets.org/Media/Conferences_and_Events/pdf/ELLsympsium/ELL_factsheet.pdf

  • Reyes, I. (2012). Biliteracy among children and youths. Reading Research Quarterly, 47(3), 307–327.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rhodes, N. C., & Pufahl, I. (2009). Foreign language teaching in U.S. schools: Results of a national survey. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodríguez-Valls, F. (2011). Coexisting languages: Reading bilingual books with biliterate eyes. Bilingual Research Journal, 34(1), 19–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenblatt, L. M. (1978). The reader, the text, the poem: The transactional theory of the literary work. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rumbaut, R. G., Massey, D. S., & Bean, F. D. (2006). Linguistic life expectancies: Immigrant language retention in southern California. Population and Development Review, 32(3), 448–460.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soto, L. D. (2010). Young bilingual children’s perceptions of bilingualism and biliteracy: Altruistic possibilities. Bilingual Research Journal, 26(3), 599–610.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, L., Bernhard, J., Garg, S., & Cummins, J. (2008). Affirming plural belonging: Building on students’ family-based cultural and linguistic capital through multiliteracies pedagogy. Journal of Early Childhood Literacy, 8(3), 269–294.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Templeton, S., Bear, D. R., Invernizzi, M., Johnston, F., Townsend, D., Flanigan, K., et al. (2015). Vocabulary their way (2nd ed.). Boston: Pearson.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Census Bureau. (2013a). School enrollment in the United States: 2011. Retrieved from www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/p20-571.pdf

  • U.S. Census Bureau. (2013b). American Community Survey: Language spoken at home. Retrieved from http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_1YR_S1601&prodType=table

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Anne Delbridge.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Delbridge, A., Helman, L.A. Evidence-Based Strategies for Fostering Biliteracy in Any Classroom. Early Childhood Educ J 44, 307–316 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-015-0712-7

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-015-0712-7

Keywords

Navigation