Abstract
The advanced development of cell carriers for regenerative medicine and cell therapy demands materials able to sustain cell viability prior to their delivery to the target tissue, an ability that can be controlled by the shape, size and degradability of the matrix. TEMPO-oxidized nanofibrillar cellulose (ToNFC) macromolecules are negatively charged and therefore can be easily formulated by ionotropic gelation into beads of varying sizes that can release their payload through an erosion-controlled process. We report here for the first time on the preparation of ToNFC beads via ionic gelation using CaCl2 and on their loading with OSTEO-1 rat bone cells, with a view to examine their capacity of sustaining the cell viability and of releasing the bone cells in a controlled manner. The initial results obtained demonstrate that ToNFC is able to protect the OSTEO-1 cells and to maintain their viability for at least 2 weeks. Following gradual disintegration of the beads, a significant cell release and subsequent proliferation was observed after 7 days. These results indicate the considerable potential of nanofibrillar cellulose (ToNFC) for applications in cell therapy and regenerative medicine.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
Araki J (2001) Steric stabilization of a cellulose microcrystal suspension by poly (ethylene glycol) grafting. Langmuir 17:21–27. doi:10.1021/la001070m
Bhattacharya M (2012) Nanofibrillar cellulose hydrogel promotes three-dimensional liver cell culture. J Controll Release 164:291–298. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.06.039
Bidarra SJ (2011) Injectable in situ crosslinkable RGD-modified alginate matrix for endothelial cells delivery. Biomaterials 32:7897–7904. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.07.013
Fukuzumi H (2009) Transparent and high gas barrier films of cellulose nanofibers prepared by TEMPO-mediated oxidation. Biomacromolecules 10:162–165. doi:10.1021/bm801065u
Gandini A (2011) The irruption of polymers from renewable resources on the scene of macromolecular science and technology. Green Chem 13:1061–1083
Jradi K (2012) Characterization of conductive composite films based on TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers and polypyrrole. J Mater Sci 47:3752–3762. doi:10.1007/s10853-011-6226-9
Klemm D (2005) Cellulose: fascinating biopolymer and sustainable raw material. Angew Chem Int Ed 44:3358–3393
Lin N (2014) Nanocellulose in biomedicine: current status and future prospect. Eur Polymer J 59:302–325. doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.07.025
Ostberg T (1994) Calcium alginate matrices for oral multiple-unit administration. 3. Influence of calcium-concentration, amount of drug added and alginate characteristics on drug-release. Int J Pharm 111:271–282. doi:10.1016/0378-5173(94)90350-6
Ratner BD (2014) Biomaterials science: an introduction to materials in medicine. Elsevier Inc, Oxford
Saito T (2007) Cellulose nanofibers prepared by TEMPO-mediated oxidation of native cellulose. Biomacromolecules 8:2485–2491. doi:10.1021/bm0703970
Santoro M (2014) Gelatin carriers for drug and cell delivery in tissue engineering. J Controll Release 190:210–218. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.04.014
Singh M (1982) Biodegradation studies on periodate oxidized cellulose. Biomaterials 3:16–20
Weishaupt R (2015) TEMPO-oxidized nanofibrillated cellulose as a high density carrier for bioactive molecules. Biomacromolecules 16:3640–3650. doi:10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01100
Willerth SM (2013) Combining stem cells and biomaterial scaffolds for constructing tissues and cell delivery Stem Book. In: Melton D (ed) Harvard Stem Cell Institute. Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts
Wu XW (2012) Fibrin glue as the cell-delivery vehicle for mesenchymal stromal cells in regenerative medicine. Cytotherapy 14:555–562. doi:10.3109/14653249.2011.638914
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Fapesp, CNPq and UNIARA University Centre for funding the projects related to the paper. G. V. thanks UNIARA University Centre for the undergraduate scholarship.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
de Carvalho, R.A., Veronese, G., Carvalho, A.J.F. et al. The potential of TEMPO-oxidized nanofibrillar cellulose beads for cell delivery applications. Cellulose 23, 3399–3405 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-016-1063-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-016-1063-2