Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Mental Needs of Aboriginal Foster Parents

  • Published:
Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Aboriginal foster parents were surveyed about their mental needs. Each was asked “What do you need mentally to be a good foster parent?”. A total of 58 unique responses were made. They were grouped together by participants and the grouping data were analyzed using multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis. Seven concepts resulted from the analysis. The concepts included: knowledge, breaks, recognition, optimism, discipline, patience and determination. Results were compared and contrasted with the fostering literature.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aguilar-Vafaie, M. E., Roshani, M., Hassanabadi, H., & Masoudian, Z. (2011). Risk and protective factors for residential foster care adolescents. Children and Youth Services Review, 33(1), 1–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ali, R. K. (2007). Review of child abuse and culture: Working with diverse families. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 12(3), 474–475. doi:10.1177/13591045070120031406.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anctil, T. M., McCubbin, L. D., O’Brien, K., & Pecora, P. (2007). An evaluation of recovery factors for foster care alumni with physical or psychiatric impairments: Predictors of psychological outcomes. Children and Youth Services Review, 29(8), 1021–1034.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, C., & Mitchell, F. (2004). Review of providing a secure base in long-term foster care. Child & Family Social Work, 9(4), 371–372.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ball, J. (2010). Indigenous fathers’ involvement in reconstituting “circles of care.”. American Journal of Community Psychology, 45(1–2), 124–138.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bedi, R. P., & Alexander, D. A. (2009). Using multivariate concept-mapping for examining client understandings of counselling. Canadian Journal of Counselling, 43(2), 76–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Behar, L. B., & Hydaker, W. M. (2009). Defining community readiness for the implementation of a system of care. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 36(6), 381–392.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, J., Espie, C., Duncan, B., & Minnis, H. (2009). A qualitative exploration of children’s understanding of indiscriminate friendliness. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 14(4), 595–618.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benzies, K., & Mychasiuk, R. (2009). Fostering family resiliency: A review of the key protective factors. Child & Family Social Work, 14(1), 103–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bombay, A., Matheson, K., & Anisman, H. (2010). Decomposing identity: Differential relationships between several aspects of ethnic identity and the negative effects of perceived discrimination among First Nations adults in Canada. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 16(4), 507–516.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonfield, S., Collins, S., Guishard-Pine, J., & Langdon, P. E. (2010). Help-seeking by foster-carers for their ‘looked after’ children: The role of mental health literacy and treatment attitudes. British Journal of Social Work, 40(5), 1335–1352.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, M. (2008). Review of creating new families: Therapeutic approaches to fostering, adoption and kinship care. Journal of Child Psychotherapy, 34(1), 155–156. doi:10.1080/00754170801895706.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Breno, A. L., & Galupo, M. P. (2007). Sexual abuse histories of young women in the US child welfare system: A focus on trauma-related beliefs and resilience. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse: Research, Treatment, & Program Innovations for Victims, Survivors, & Offenders, 16(2), 97–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burke, J. G., O’Campo, P., Peak, G. L., Gielen, A. C., McDonnell, K. A., & Trochim, W. M. K. (2005). An introduction to concept mapping as a participatory public health research method. Qualitative Health Research, 15(10), 1392–1410.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bywater, T., Hutchings, J., Linck, P., Whitaker, C., Daley, D., Yeo, S. T., et al. (2011). Incredible years parent training support for foster carers in Wales: A multi-centre feasibility study. Child: Care, Health and Development, 37(2), 233–243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Callaghan, J., Young, B., Pace, F., & Vostanis, P. (2004). Evaluation of a new mental health service for looked after children. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 9(1), 130–148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cameron, R. J., & Maginn, C. (2011). Living psychology: The ‘emotional warmth’ dimension of professional childcare. Educational and Child Psychology, 28(3), 44–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheung, C., Goodman, D., Leckie, G., & Jenkins, J. M. (2011). Understanding contextual effects on externalizing behaviors in children in out-of-home care: Influence of workers and foster families. Children and Youth Services Review, 33(10), 2050–2060.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chun, J., & Springer, D. W. (2005). Stress and coping strategies in runaway youths: an application of concept mapping. Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention, 5(1), 57–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coholic, D. (2011). Exploring how young people living in foster care discuss spiritually sensitive themes in a holistic arts-based group program. Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work: Social Thought, 30(3), 193–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cook, R. (2006). Review of on their own: What happens to kids when they age out of the foster care system. Children and Youth Services Review, 28(11), 1413–1414.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Corcoran, K. (2005). The Oregon mental health referral checklists: Concept mapping the mental health needs of youth in the juvenile justice system. Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention, 5(1), 9–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cordero, A. E. (2004). When family reunification works: Data-mining foster care records. Families in Society, 85(4), 571–580.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Craven, P. A., & Lee, R. E. (2006). Therapeutic interventions for foster children: A systematic research synthesis. Research on Social Work Practice, 16(3), 287–304.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Craven, P. A., & Lee, R. E. (2010). Transitional group therapy to promote resiliency in first-time foster children: A pilot study. Journal of Family Psychotherapy, 21(3), 213–224.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daining, C., & DePanfilis, D. (2007). Resilience of youth in transition from out-of-home care to adulthood. Children and Youth Services Review, 29(9), 1158–1178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Damnjanovic, M., Lakic, A., Stevanovic, D., & Jovanovic, A. (2011). Effects of mental health on quality of life in children and adolescents living in residential and foster care: a cross-sectional study. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 20(3), 257–262.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dell, C. A., Seguin, M., Hopkins, C., Tempier, R., Mehl-Madrona, L., Dell, D., et al. (2011). From benzos to berries: Treatment offered at an Aboriginal youth solvent abuse treatment centre relays the importance of culture. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry/La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie, 56(2), 75–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dent, R. J., & Cameron, R. J. S. (2003). Developing resilience in children who are in public care: The educational psychology perspective. Educational Psychology in Practice, 19(1), 3–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diehl, D. C., Howse, R. B., & Trivette, C. M. (2011). Youth in foster care: Developmental assets and attitudes towards adoption and mentoring. Child & Family Social Work, 16(1), 81–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Donnelly, J. P., Huff, S. M., Lindsey, M. L., McMahon, K. A., & Schumacher, J. D. (2005). The needs of children with life-limiting conditions: A healthcare-provider-based model. American Journal of Hospice & Palliative Medicine, 22(4), 259–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Downs, A. C., & James, S. E. (2006). Gay, lesbian, and bisexual foster parents: strengths and challenges for the child welfare system. Child Welfare: Journal of Policy, Practice, and Program, 85(2), 281–298.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drapeau, S., Saint-Jacques, M.-C., Lépine, R., Bégin, G., & Bernard, M. (2007). Processes that contribute to resilience among youth in foster care. Journal of Adolescence, 30(6), 977–999.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Edmond, T., Auslander, W., Elze, D., & Bowland, S. (2006). Signs of resilience in sexually abused adolescent girls in the foster care system. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse: Research, Treatment, & Program Innovations for Victims, Survivors, & Offenders, 15(1), 1–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, O. W. (2009). Empirical investigation of the psychosocial functioning of children raised by grandparents. Journal of Applied School Psychology, 25(2), 128–145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elwood, P. (2008). Review of preparing children for permanence–A guide to undertaking direct work for social workers, foster carers and adoptive parents. Child Care in Practice, 14(2), 229–231.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eni, R., & Rowe, G. (2011). Understanding parenting in Manitoba first nations: Implications for program development. Family & Community Health: The Journal of Health Promotion & Maintenance, 34(3), 221–228.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farmer, E. M. Z., Burns, B. J., Wagner, H. R., Murray, M., & Southerland, D. G. (2010). Enhancing “usual practice” treatment foster care: Findings from a randomized trial on improving youths’ outcomes. Psychiatric Services, 61(6), 555–561.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farmer, E., Lipscombe, J., & Moyers, S. (2005). Foster carer strain and its impact on parenting and placement outcomes for adolescents. British Journal of Social Work, 35(2), 237–253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez, E. (2008). Unravelling emotional, behavioural and educational outcomes in a longitudinal study of children in foster-care. British Journal of Social Work, 38(7), 1283–1301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Filbert, K. M., & Flynn, R. J. (2010). Developmental and cultural assets and resilient outcomes in First Nations young people in care: An initial test of an explanatory model. Children and Youth Services Review, 32(4), 560–564.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fjermestad, K. W., Kvestad, I., Daniel, M., & Lie, G. T. (2008). “It can save you if you just forget”: Closeness and competence as conditions for coping among Ugandan orphans. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 18(3), 445–456.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flemons, D., Liscio, M., Gordon, A. B., Hibel, J., Gutierrez-Hersh, A., & Rebholz, C. L. (2010). Fostering solutions: Bringing brief-therapy principles and practices to the child welfare system. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 36(1), 80–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gilligan, R. (2008). Promoting resilience in young people in long-term care–the relevance of roles and relationships in the domains of recreation and work. Journal of Social Work Practice, 22(1), 37–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gleeson, J. P., & Seryak, C. M. (2010). ‘I made some mistakes… But i love them dearly’ the views of parents of children in informal kinship care. Child & Family Social Work, 15(1), 87–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gol, A. R., & Cook, S. W. (2004). Exploring the underlying dimensions of coping: A concept mapping approach. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23(2), 155–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Golding, K. (2005). Review of managing children’s disruptive behaviour. A guide for practitioners working with parents and foster parents. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 10(1), 121–122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Golding, K. S. (2010). Multi-agency and specialist working to meet the mental health needs of children in care and adopted. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 15(4), 573–587.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greeson, J. K. P., & Bowen, N. K. (2008). “She holds my hand”: The experiences of foster youth with their natural mentors. Children and Youth Services Review, 30(10), 1178–1188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haight, W., Finet, D., Bamba, S., & Helton, J. (2009). The beliefs of resilient African-American adolescent mothers transitioning from foster care to independent living: A case-based analysis. Children and Youth Services Review, 31(1), 53–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harden, B. J. (2004). Safety and stability for foster children: A developmental perspective. The Future of Children, 14(1), 31–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hass, M., & Graydon, K. (2009). Sources of resiliency among successful foster youth. Children and Youth Services Review, 31(4), 457–463.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, S. W. (2010). Fostering foster care. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(1), 11–12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iseke, J. M. (2011). Indigenous digital storytelling in video: Witnessing with Alma Desjarlais. Equity & Excellence in Education, 44(3), 311–329. doi:10.1080/10665684.2011.591685.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jee, S. H., Szilagyi, M., Conn, A.-M., Nilsen, W., Toth, S., Baldwin, C. D., et al. (2011). Validating office-based screening for psychosocial strengths and difficulties among youths in foster care. Pediatrics, 127(5), 904–910.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnsen, J. A., Biegel, D. E., & Shafran, R. (2000). Concept mapping in mental health: Uses and adaptations. Evaluation and Program Planning, 23(1), 67–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kia-Keating, M., Dowdy, E., Morgan, M. L., & Noam, G. G. (2011). Protecting and promoting: An integrative conceptual model for healthy development of adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 48(3), 220–228.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kirmayer, L. J., Dandeneau, S., Marshall, E., Phillips, M. K., & Williamson, K. J. (2011). Rethinking resilience from indigenous perspectives. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry/La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie, 56(2), 84–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kools, S., Paul, S. M., Norbeck, J. S., & Robbins, N. R. (2009). Dimensions of health in young people in foster care. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 21(2), 221–233.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kufeldt, K., McGilligan, L., Klein, R., & Rideout, S. (2006). The looking after children assessment process: Promoting resilient children and resilient workers. Families in Society, 87(4), 565–574.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Langosch, D. (2012). Grandparents parenting again: Challenges, strengths, and implications for practice. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 32(2), 163–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leon, S. C., Ragsdale, B., Miller, S. A., & Spacarelli, S. (2008). Trauma resilience among youth in substitute care demonstrating sexual behavior problems. Child Abuse and Neglect, 32(1), 67–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Massinga, R., & Pecora, P. J. (2004). Providing better opportunities for older children in the child welfare system. The Future of Children, 14(1), 151–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mooney-Somers, J., Olsen, A., Erick, W., Scott, R., Akee, A., Kaldor, J., et al. (2011). Learning from the past: Young Indigenous people’s accounts of blood-borne viral and sexually transmitted infections as resilience narratives. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 13(2), 173–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nash, J., & Flynn, R. J. (2009). Foster-parent training and foster-child outcomes: An exploratory cross-sectional analysis. Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies, 4(2), 128–134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poonwassie, A., & Charter, A. (2005). Inclusion, blending, and bridging. In R. Moodley & W. West (Eds.), Integrating traditional healing practices into counseling and psychotherapy (vol. 22) (pp. 15–26). London: Sage.

  • Riggs, D. W., & Augoustinos, M. (2009). Institutional stressors and individual strengths: Policy and practice directions for working with Australian lesbian and gay foster carers. Practice: Social Work in Action, 21(2), 77–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosas, S. R. (2005). Concept mapping as a technique for program theory development: An illustration using family support programs. American Journal of Evaluation, 26(3), 389–401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rush, C., & Harrison, P. (2008). Ascertaining teachers’ perceptions of working with adolescents diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Educational Psychology in Practice, 24(3), 207–223.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, S. D., & Nalavany, B. (2003). Adopted children: who do they turn to for help and why? Adoption Quarterly, 7(2), 29–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Samuels, G. M., & Pryce, J. M. (2008). “What doesn’t kill you makes you stronger”: Survivalist self-reliance as resilience and risk among young adults aging out of foster care. Children and Youth Services Review, 30(10), 1198–1210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sen, R. (2010). Managing contact in Scotland for children in non-permanent out-of-home placement. Child Abuse Review, 19(6), 423–437.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tangihaere, T. M., & Twiname, L. (2011). Providing space for indigenous knowledge. Journal of Management Education, 35(1), 102–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trochim, W. M. (1987). The concept system. Ithaca, NY: Concept Systems Incorporated.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trochim, W. M. (1989). An introduction to concept mapping for planning and evaluation. Evaluation and Program Planning, 12, 1–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trout, A. L., Hagaman, J., Casey, K., Reid, R., & Epstein, M. H. (2008). The academic status of children and youth in out-of-home care: A review of the literature. Children and Youth Services Review, 30(9), 979–994.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ungar, M. (2004). The importance of parents and other caregivers to the resilience of high-risk adolescents. Family Process, 43(1), 23–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Unrau, Y. A., Seita, J. R., & Putney, K. S. (2008). Former foster youth remember multiple placement moves: A journey of loss and hope. Children and Youth Services Review, 30(11), 1256–1266.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wells, K., Farmer, E. M. Z., Richards, J. T., & Burns, B. J. (2004). The experience of being a treatment foster mother. Qualitative Social Work: Research and Practice, 3(2), 117–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Westcott, H. (2004). Rights, responsibilities and resilience in protecting children and promoting their welfare. Child Abuse Review, 13(4), 231–233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whenan, R., Oxlad, M., & Lushington, K. (2009). Factors associated with foster carer well-being, satisfaction and intention to continue providing out-of-home care. Children and Youth Services Review, 31(7), 752–760.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zahradnik, M., Stewart, S. H., O’Connor, R. M., Stevens, D., Ungar, M., & Wekerle, C. (2010). Resilience moderates the relationship between exposure to violence and posttraumatic reexperiencing in Mi’kmaq youth. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 8(2), 408–420.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of this research through a grant from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. We would also like to thank Brian Ridd, Caludia Ash-Ponce, Candace Seyour and Cathy Wiebe for their expertise.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jason D. Brown.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Brown, J.D., Rodgers, J., Ivanova, V. et al. Mental Needs of Aboriginal Foster Parents. Child Adolesc Soc Work J 31, 539–557 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-014-0335-7

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-014-0335-7

Keywords

Navigation