Skip to main content
Log in

Moral Burden of Bottom-Line Pursuits: How and When Perceptions of Top Management Bottom-Line Mentality Inhibit Supervisors’ Ethical Leadership Practices

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Business Ethics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

A Correction to this article was published on 13 July 2020

This article has been updated

Abstract

Drawing on theoretical work on humans’ adaptive capacity, we propose that supervisors’ perception of top management’s high bottom-line mentality (BLM) has a dysfunctional effect on their ethical leadership practices. Specifically, we suggest that these perceptions hinder supervisors’ empathy, which eventuates in less ethical leadership practices. We also investigate, in a first-stage moderated mediation model, how supervisors high in trait mindfulness are resistant to the ill effects of perceptions of top management’s high BLM. Supervisors high (versus low) in this trait are less likely to respond to perceptions of top management’s high BLM with reduced empathy that then hinders ethical leadership. Results from a multi-wave, multi-source sample of working adults from the Chinese high technology industry provide general support for our theoretical model. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

Change history

References

  • Agle, B. R., Nagarajan, N. J., Sonnenfeld, J. A., & Srinivasan, D. (2006). Does CEO charisma matter? An empirical analysis of the relationships among organizational performance, environmental uncertainty, and top management team perceptions of CEO charisma. Academy of Management Journal, 49(1), 161–174.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allen, T. D., Henderson, T. G., Mancini, V. S., & French, K. A. (2017). Mindfulness and meditation practice as moderators of the relationship between age and subjective wellbeing among working adults. Mindfulness, 8(4), 1055–1063.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411–423.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arnaud, A., & Schminke, M. (2012). The ethical climate and context of organizations: A comprehensive model. Organizational Science, 23, 1767–1780.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ashkanasy, N. M., Humphrey, R. H., & Huy, Q. N. (2017). Integrating emotions and affect in theories of management. Academy of Management Review, 42(2), 175–189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Babalola, M. T., Bligh, M. C., Ogunfowora, G., & Garba, O. A. (2017). The mind is willing, but the situation constrains: Why and when leader conscientiousness relates to ethical leadership. Journal of Business Ethics, 155(1), 75–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Babalola, M. T., Greenbaum, R. L., Amarnani, R. K., Shoss, M. K., Deng, Y., Garba, O. A., et al. (2020a). A business frame perspective on why perceptions of top management’s bottom-line mentality result in employees’ good and bad behaviors. Personnel Psychology, 73(1), 19–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Babalola, M. T., Mawritz, M. B., Greenbaum, R. L., Ren, S., & Garba, O. A. (2020b). Whatever it takes: How and when supervisor bottom-line mentality motivates employee contributions in the workplace. Journal of Management. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206320902521.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Babalola, M. T., Stouten, J., Euwema, J., & Ovadje, F. (2018). The relation between ethical leadership and workplace conflicts. The mediating role of employee resolution efficacy. Journal of Management, 44(5), 2037–2063.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Batson, C. D., & Moran, T. (1999). Empathy-induced altruism in a prisoner's dilemma. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29, 909–924.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Becker, T. E. (2005). Potential problems in the statistical control of variables in organizational research: A qualitative analysis with recommendations. Organizational Research Methods, 8(3), 274–289.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bihari, J. L., & Mullan, E. G. (2014). Relating mindfully: A qualitative exploration of changes in relationships through mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. Mindfulness, 5(1), 46–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bliese, P. (2000). Within-group agreement, non-independence, and reliability: Implications for data aggregation and analysis. In K. J. Klein & S. W. J. Kozlowski (Eds.), Multilevel theory, research and methods in organizations (pp. 512–556). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonner, J., Greenbaum, R. L., & Quade, M. J. (2017). Unethical behavior to shame as an indicator of self-image threat and exemplification as a form of self-image protection: The exacerbating role of supervisor bottom-line mentality. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102, 1203–1221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bosman, J., Kovaleski, S, & Del Real, J. (2019, March 18). ‘Pied Piper’ of college admissions scam had all the answers. The New York Times, p. A13. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/18/us/william-rick-singer-admissions-scandal.html?module=inline.

  • Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1, 185–216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 822–848.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, K. W., Ryan, R. M., & Creswell, J. D. (2007). Mindfulness: Theoretical foundations and evidence for its salutary effects. Psychological Inquiry, 18, 211–237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, M. E., & Mitchell, M. S. (2010). Ethical and unethical leadership: Exploring new avenues for future research. Business Ethics Quarterly, 20(4), 583–616.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, M. E., & Treviño, L. K. (2006). Ethical leadership: A review and future directions. The Leadership Quarterly, 17, 595–616.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, M. E., Treviño, L. K., & Harrison, D. (2005). Ethical leadership: A social learning perspective for construct development and testing. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 97, 117–134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bullis, J. R., Bøe, H. J., Asnaani, A., & Hofmann, S. G. (2014). The benefits of being mindful: Trait mindfulness predicts less stress reactivity to suppression. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 45(1), 57–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burnette, J. L., Davis, D. E., Green, J. D., Worthington, E. L., & Bradfield, E. (2009). Insecure attachment and depressive symptoms: The mediating role of rumination, empathy, and forgiveness. Personality and Individual Differences, 46(3), 276–280.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, A., & Alexander, M. (1997). What’s wrong with strategy? Harvard Business Review, 75, 42–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, A. B. (1991). The pyramid of corporate social responsibility: Toward the moral management of organizational stakeholders. Business Horizons, 34, 39–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carton, A. M., Murphy, C., & Clark, J. R. (2014). A (blurry) vision of the future: How leader rhetoric about ultimate goals influences performance. Academy of Management Journal, 57(6), 1544–1570.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chambers, R., Lo, B. C. Y., & Allen, N. B. (2008). The impact of intensive mindfulness training on attentional control, cognitive style, and affect. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 32, 302–322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, A. Y. S., Sawyers, R. B., & Williams, P. F. (1997). Reinforcing ethical decision making through corporate culture. Journal of Business Ethics, 16, 855–865.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Colquitt, J., LePine, J., & Wesson, M. (2017). Organizational behavior: Improving performance and commitment in the workplace. New York: McGraw-Hill Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cornish, A. (2015, November 13). NFL faces new wave of scrutiny over Greg Hardy domestic violence case. Retrieved November 18, 2016 from https://www.npr.org/2015/11/13/455936684/nfl-faces-new-wave-of-scrutiny-over-greg-hardy-domestic-violence-case.

  • Crocker, J., & Canevello, A. (2008). Creating and undermining social support in communal relationships: The role of compassionate and self-image goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(3), 555.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • David, P., Kochhar, R., & Levitas, E. (1998). The effect of institutional investors on the level and mix of CEO compensation. Academy of Management Journal, 41, 200–208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, M. H. (1980). A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 10, 85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 113–126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, B. (2018). Gender equality: A trend the tech sector needs to get behind. Forbes.com. Retrieved on June 14, 2020. https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2018/06/27/gender-equality-a-trend-the-tech-sector-needs-to-get-behind/#3be52c63717b

  • Davis, D. M., & Hayes, J. A. (2011). What are the benefits of mindfulness? A practice review of psychotherapy-related research. Psychotherapy, 2, 198–208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Hoogh, A. H., & Den Hartog, D. N. (2008). Ethical and despotic leadership, relationships with leader's social responsibility, top management team effectiveness and subordinates' optimism: A multi-method study. The Leadership Quarterly, 19(3), 297–311.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Hoogh, A. H., & Den Hartog, D. N. (2009). Neuroticism and locus of control as moderators of the relationships of charismatic and autocratic leadership with burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(4), 1058.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Waal, F. B. (1996). Good natured: The origins of right and wrong in humans and other animals. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Waal, F. B. (2008). Putting the altruism back into altruism: The evolution of empathy. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 279–300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Den Hartog, D. N., & Belschak, F. D. (2012). Work engagement and Machiavellianism in the ethical leadership process. Journal of Business Ethics, 107, 35–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Egan, M. (2016, October 14). Wells Fargo’s New Accountant openings plunge. Retrieved November 20, 2016 from https://money.cnn.com/2016/10/14/investing/wells-fargo-earnings-scandal-customers.

  • Eisenbeiss, S. A., & van Knippenberg, D. (2015). On ethical leadership impact: The role of follower mindfulness and moral emotions. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(2), 182–195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg, N. (2000). Emotion, relation, and moral development. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 665–697.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eissa, G., Wyland, R., Lester, S. W., & Gupta, R. (2019). Winning at all costs: An exploration of bottom-line mentality, Machiavellianism, and organisational citizenship behaviour. Human Resource Management Journal, 29(3), 469–489.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, L. (2019, May 20). EPA plans to get thousands of pollution deaths off the books by changing its math. The New York Times. Retrieved May 27, 2019 from https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/20/climate/epa-air-pollution-deaths.html?action=click&module=News&pgtype=Homepage.

  • Galinsky, A. D., Maddux, W. W., Gilin, D., & White, J. B. (2008). Why it pays to get inside the head of your opponent: The differential effects of perspective taking and empathy in negotiations. Psychological Science, 19(4), 378–384.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gasiorowska, A., Chaplin, L. N., Zaleskiewicz, T., Wygrab, S., & Vohs, K. D. (2016). Money cues increase agency and decrease prosociality among children: Early signs of market-mode behaviors. Psychological Science, 27(3), 331–344.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Germer, C. K., Siegel, R. D., & Fulton, P. R. (2005). Mindfulness and psychotherapy. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glomb, T. M., Duffy, M. K., Bono, J. E., & Yang, T. (2011). Mindfulness at work. In A. Joshi, H. Liao, & J. J. Martocchio (Eds.), Research in personnel and human resources management, 30 (pp. 115–157). West Yorkshire, UK: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Good, D. J., Lyddy, C. J., Glomb, T. M., Bono, J. E., Brown, K. W., Duffy, M. K., et al. (2015). Contemplating mindfulness at work: An integrative review. Journal of Management, 42, 114–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenbaum, R. L., Mawritz, M. B., & Eissa, G. (2012). BLM as an antecedent of social undermining and the moderating roles of core self-evaluations and conscientiousness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97, 343–359.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hafenbrack, A. C., Kinias, Z., & Barsade, S. G. (2014). Debiasing the mind through mediation: Mindfulness and the sunk-cost bias. Psychological Sciences, 25, 369–376.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haidt, J. (2003). The moral emotions. In R. J. Davidson, K. R. Scherer, & H. H. Goldsmith (Eds.), Handbook of affective sciences, 11 (pp. 852–870). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haidt, J., & Kesebir, S. (2010). Morality. In S. T. Fiske, D. T. Gilbert, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (pp. 797–832). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, A. F. (2015). An index and test of linear moderated mediation. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 50(1), 1–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heppner, W. L., Kernis, M. H., Lakey, C. E., Campbell, W. K., Goldman, B. M., Davis, P. J., et al. (2008). Mindfulness as a means of reducing aggressive behavior: Dispositional and situational evidence. Aggressive Behavior: Official Journal of the International Society for Research on Aggression, 34(5), 486–496.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ireland, D., & Hitt, M. A. (1999). Achieving and maintaining strategic competitiveness in the 21st century: The role of strategic leadership. The Academy of Management Executive, 13, 43–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, M. C. (1998). Foundations of organizational strategy. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jordan, J., Brown, M. E., Treviño, L. K., & Finkelstein, S. (2013). Someone to look up to: Executive–follower ethical reasoning and perceptions of ethical leadership. Journal of Management, 39(3), 660–683.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kacmar, K. M., Bachrach, D. G., Harris, K. J., & Zivnuska, S. (2011). Fostering good citizenship through ethical leadership: Exploring the moderating role of gender and organizational politics. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96, 633–642.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kalshoven, K., Den Hartog, D. N., & De Hoogh, A. H. (2011). Ethical leadership at work questionnaire (ELW): Development and validation of a multidimensional measure. The Leadership Quarterly, 22, 51–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keltner, D., & Haidt, J. (1999). Social functions of emotions at four levels of analysis. Cognition & Emotion, 13(5), 505–521.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kish-Gephart, J. J., Harrison, D. A., & Treviño, L. K. (2010). Bad apples, bad cases, and bad barrels: Meta-analytic evidence about sources of unethical decisions at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95, 1–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kozlowski, S. W. J. (2012). Groups and teams in organizations: Studying the multilevel dynamics of emergence. In A. Hollingshead & M. S. Poole (Eds.), Research methods for studying groups and teams: A guide to approaches, tools, and technologies (pp. 260–283). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Cognition and motivation in emotion. American Psychologist, 46(4), 352–367.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leroy, H., Anseel, F., Gardner, W. L., & Sels, L. (2015). Authentic leadership, authentic followership, basic need satisfaction, and work role performance: A cross-level study. Journal of Management, 41(6), 1677–1697.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, C. (2013). Ethical leadership in firms: Antecedents and consequences. Doctoral dissertation, The University of Alabama, Alabama.

  • Liang, L. H., Lian, H., Brown, D. J., Ferris, D. L., Hanig, S., & Keeping, L. M. (2016). Why are abusive supervisors abusive? A dual-system self-control model. Academy of Management Journal, 59(4), 1385–1406.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Long, E. C., & Christian, M. S. (2015). Mindfulness buffers retaliatory responses to injustice: A regulatory approach. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(5), 1409–1422.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mahsud, R., Yukl, Y., & Prussia, G. (2010). Leader empathy, ethical leadership, and relations-oriented behaviors antecedents of leader-member exchange quality. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 25, 561–577.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mawritz, M., Greenbaum, R. L., Butts, M., & Graham, K. (2017). I just can’t control myself: A self-regulation perspective on the abuse of deviant employees. Academy of Management Journal, 60, 1482–1503.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mayer, D. M., Aquino, K., Greenbaum, R. L., & Kuenzi, M. (2012). Who displays ethical leadership, and why does it matter? An examination of antecedents and consequences of ethical leadership. Academy of Management Journal, 1, 151–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mayer, D. M., Kuenzi, M., Greenbaum, R., Bardes, M., & Salvador, R. B. (2009). How low does ethical leadership flow? Test of a trickle-down model. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 108, 1–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGrath, M. (2016, September 23). How the Wells Fargo phony account scandal sunk John Stumpf. Retrieved May 27, 2019 from https://www.forbes.com/sites/maggiemcgrath/2016/09/23/the-9-most-important-things-you-need-to-know-about-the-well-fargo-fiasco/#4c6286df3bdc.

  • Mesdaghinia, S., Rawat, A., & Nadavulakere, S. (2019). Why moral followers quit: Examining the role of leader bottom-line mentality and unethical pro-leader behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 159(2), 491–505.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Molinsky, A. L., Grant, A. M., & Margolis, J. D. (2012). The bedside manner of homo economicus: How and why priming an economic schema reduces compassion. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 119(1), 27–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, C., Detert, J. R., Treviño, L. K., Baker, V. L., & Mayer, D. M. (2012). Why employees do bad things: Moral disengagement and unethical organizational behavior. Personnel Psychology, 65(1), 1–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Niedenthal, P. M., & Brauer, M. (2012). Social functionality of human emotion. Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 259–285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearson, M. R., Brown, D. B., Bravo, A. J., & Witkiewitz, K. (2015). Staying in the moment and finding purpose: The associations of trait mindfulness, decentering, and purpose in life with depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and alcohol-related problems. Mindfulness, 6(3), 645–653.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pfeffer, J. (2013, January 2). Wouldn't it be nice if it weren't always about—and only about—the money? Bloomberg. Retrieved November 20, 2016 from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-01-02/wouldnt-it-be-nice-if-it-werent-always-about-and-only-about-the-money.

  • Piccolo, R. F., Greenbaum, R., Den Hartog, D. N., & Folger, R. (2010). The relationship between ethical leadership and core job characteristics. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31, 259–278.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pizarro, D. (2000). Nothing more than feelings? The role of emotions in moral judgment. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 30(4), 355–375.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 879–903.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPPS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instructments, and Computers, 36, 717–731.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879–891.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quade, M. J., McLarty, B. D., & Bonner, J. M. (2019). The influence of supervisor bottom-line mentality and employee bottom-line mentality on leader-member exchange and subsequent employee performance. Human Relations. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726719858394.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reb, J., & Narayanan, J. (2014). The influence of mindful attention on value claiming in distributive negotiations: Evidence from four laboratory experiments. Mindfulness, 5(6), 756–766.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reb, J., Narayanan, J., & Chaturvedi, S. (2014). Leading mindfully: Two studies on the influence of supervisor trait mindfulness on employee well-being and performance. Mindfulness, 5(1), 36–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reicher, A. E., & Schneider, B. (1990). Climate and culture: An evolution of construct. In B. Schneider (Ed.), Organizational climate and culture (pp. 5–39). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reutner, L., Hansen, J., & Greifeneder, R. (2015). The cold heart: Reminders of money cause feelings of physical coldness. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 6(5), 490–495.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rokeach, M. (1973). The nature of human values. New York: The Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal, B. M. (2019, May 19). As thousands of taxi drivers were trapped in loans, top officials counted the money. The New York Times. Retrieved May 27, 2019 from https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/19/nyregion/taxi-medallions.html?action=click&module=Top%2520Stories&pgtype=Homepage.

  • Ruedy, N. E., & Schweitzer, M. E. (2010). In the moment: The effect of mindfulness on ethical decision making. Journal of Business Ethics, 95, 73–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salancik, G. R., & Pfeffer, J. (1978). A social information processing approach to job attitudes and task design. Administrative Science Quarterly, 10, 224–253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sayre, J. (1955, December). He files on one wing. Sports Illustrated, 29.

  • Schaubroeck, J. M., Hannah, S. T., Avolio, B. J., Kozlowski, S. W., Lord, R. G., Treviño, L. K., et al. (2012). Embedding ethical leadership within and across organization levels. Academy of Management Journal, 55, 1053–1078.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schweitzer, M. E., Ordóñez, L., & Douma, B. (2004). Goal setting as a motivator of unethical behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 47(3), 422–432.

    Google Scholar 

  • Settoon, R. P., & Mossholder, K. W. (2002). Relationship quality and relationship context as antecedents of person-and task-focused interpersonal citizenship behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 255–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shepard, H. A. (1965). Changing interpersonal and intergroup relationships in organizations. In J. G. March (Ed.), Handbook of organizations (pp. 1115–1143). Chicago: Rand McNally.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shrout, P., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: new procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7, 422–445.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sirola, N., & Pitesa, M. (2017). Economic downturns undermine workplace helping by promoting a zero-sum construal of success. Academy of Management Journal, 60(4), 1339–1359.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith-Crowe, K., & Warren, D. E. (2014). The emotion-evoked collective corruption model: The role of emotion in the spread of corruption within organizations. Organization Science, 25(4), 1154–1171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sterzer, P., Stadler, C., Poustka, F., & Kleinschmidt, A. (2007). A structural neural deficit in adolescents with conduct disorder and its association with lack of empathy. NeuroImage, 37, 335–342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sully de Luque, M. S., Washburn, N. T., Waldman, D. A., & House, R. J. (2008). Unrequited profit: How stakeholder and economic values relate to subordinates’ perceptions of leadership and firm performance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 53, 626–654.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sutcliffe, K. M., Vogus, T. J., & Dane, E. (2016). Mindfulness in organizations: A cross-level review. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 3, 55–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tangney, J. P. (1991). Moral affect: The good, the bad, and the ugly. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 598–607.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tangney, J. P., Stuewig, J., & Mashek, D. J. (2007). Moral emotions and moral behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 345–372.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tepper, B. J., Moss, S. E., & Duffy, M. K. (2011). Predictors of abusive supervision: Supervisor perceptions of deep-level dissimilarity, relationship conflict, and subordinate performance. Academy of Management Journal, 54(2), 279–294.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vohs, K. D. (2015). Money priming can change people’s thoughts, feelings, motivations, and behaviors: An update on 10 years of experiments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 144(4), 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wachs, K., & Cordova, J. V. (2007). Mindful relating: Exploring mindfulness and emotion repertoires in intimate relationships. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 33, 464–481.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waddock, S. A., Bodwell, C., & Graves, S. B. (2002). Responsibility: The new business imperative. The Academy of Management Executive, 16, 132–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waldman, D. A., Wang, D., Hannah, S. T., & Balthazard, P. A. (2017). A neurological and ideological perspective of ethical leadership. Academy of Management Journal, 60(4), 1285–1306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walumbwa, F. O., & Schaubroeck, J. (2009). Leader personality traits and employee voice behavior: Mediating roles of ethical leadership and work group psychological safety. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(5), 1275–1286.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weaver, G. R., Treviño, L. K., & Agle, B. (2005). “Somebody I look up to”: Ethical role models in organizations. Organizational Dynamics, 34(4), 313–330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, H. M., & Cropanzano, R. (1996). Affective events theory: A theoretical discussion of the structure, causes and consequences of affective experiences at work. Research in Organizational Behavior, 18, 1–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, D. M. (1988). Is there integrity in the bottom line: Managing obstacles to executive integrity. In S. Srivastva (Ed.), Executive integrity: The search for high human values in organizational life (pp. 140–171). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yan H. (2019, March 12). The CEO behind the college admissions cheating scam wanted to help the wealthy. But that's not all. Retrieved May 26, 2019 from https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/12/us/william-rick-singer-and-the-key-profile/index.html.

  • Zheng, X., & Liu, X. (2017). The buffering effect of mindfulness on abusive supervision and creative performance: a social cognitive framework. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1588.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zohar, D., & Luria, G. (2005). A multilevel model of safety climate: Cross-level relationships between organization and group-level climates. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 616–628.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

There is no external funding to report.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rebecca L. Greenbaum.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Informed consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the studies.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

The original version of this article was revised: The name of the first author was corrected.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Greenbaum, R.L., Babalola, M., Quade, M.J. et al. Moral Burden of Bottom-Line Pursuits: How and When Perceptions of Top Management Bottom-Line Mentality Inhibit Supervisors’ Ethical Leadership Practices. J Bus Ethics 174, 109–123 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-020-04546-w

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-020-04546-w

Keywords

Navigation