Abstract
Some virtue ethicists are reluctant to consider principles and standards in business ethics. However, this is problematic. This paper argues that realistic Personalism can be integrated into virtue-based business ethics, giving it a more complete base. More specifically, two principles are proposed: the Personalist Principle (PP) and the Common Good Principle (CGP). The PP includes the Golden Rule and makes explicit the duty of respect, benevolence, and care for people, emphasizing human dignity and the innate rights of every human being. The CGP entails cooperation to promote conditions which enhance the opportunity for the human␣flourishing of all people within a community. Both principles have practical implications for business ethics.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- CGP:
-
Common Good Principle
- NE :
-
Nicomachean Ethics (by Aristotle)
- Pol :
-
Politics (by Aristotle)
- PP:
-
Personalist Principle
- S Th :
-
Summa Theologiae (by Thomas Aquinas)
References
Adler, M.J.: 1996 [1970], The Time of Our Lives. The Ethics of Common Sense, 2nd ed. (Fordham University Press, New York).
Alford, H. and M. Naugthon: 2002, ‘Beyond the Shareholder Model of the Firm: Working toward the Common Good of a Business’, in S.A. Cortright and M. Naugthon (eds.), Rethinking the Purpose of Business. Interdisciplinary Essays from the Catholic social Tradition (Notre Dame University Press, Notre Dame), pp.27-47.
Anscombe, E.: 1958, ‘Modern Moral Philosophy’, Philosophy 33, 1–19. Reproduced in Crisp, R. and M. Slote (eds.): 1997, Virtue Ethics (Oxford University Press, Oxford).
Aquinas, S. T.: 1966, Treatise on the Virtues, trans. J. A. Oesterle (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ)
Aquinas, T.: 1981 [1273], Summa Theologiae, trans. Fathers of the English Dominican Province (Burns Oates and Washbourne, Ltd, London)
Argandoña, A.: 1998, ‘The Stakeholder Theory and the Common Good’, Journal of Business Ethics 17, 1093-1102.
Aristotle: 1925, The Nicomachean Ethics, trans. D. Ross (Oxford University Press, Oxford/New York, Reprinted in 1980)
Aristotle: 1948, Politics, trans. E. Barker (Oxford University Press, Oxford)
Arkani, S. and R. Theobald: 2005, ‘Corporate involvement in human rights: is it any of their business?’ Business Ethics: A European Review 14(3), 190-205.
Bertone, T.: 2007, L’Etica del bene comune nella dottrina sociale della Chiesa (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Città del Vaticano).
Bible, Holy: 1966, New Revised Standard Version (Catholic Edition) (Scepter, Princeton, NJ)
Bowne, B. P.: 2007 [1908], Personalism (Kessinger Publishing, Whitefish, Montana)
Buford, T.: 2006, ‘Persons in the Tradition of Boston Personalism’, The Journal of Speculative Philosophy 20(3), 214-218.
Burrow, R.: 1999, Personalism: A Critical Introduction (Chalice Press St. Louis, MO).
Burton, B.K. and M. Goldshy: 2005, ‘The Golden Rule and Business Ethics: An Examination’, Journal of Business Ethics 56, 371–383.
Campbell, T.: 2006, ‘A Human Rights Approach to Developing Voluntary Codes of Conduct for Multinational Corporations’, Business Ethics Quarterly 16(2), 255-269.
Cassel, D.: 2001, ‘Human Rights and Business Responsibility in the Global Marketplace’, Business Ethics Quarterly 11(2), 261-274.
Chan, G.K.Y.: 2008, ‘The Relevance and Value of Confucianism in Contemporary Business Ethics’, Journal of Business Ethics 77(3), 347-360.
Cragg, W.: 2000, ‘Human Rights and Business Ethics: Fashioning a New Social Contract’, Journal of Business Ethics 27(1/2), 205-214.
Crane, A. and D. Matten: 2007, Business Ethics 2nd ed. (Oxford University Press, Oxford/New York).
Crosby, J.F.: 1996, The Selfhood of the Human Person (Catholic University of America Press, Washington, D.C.).
Cunningham, W.P.: 1998, ‘The Golden Rule as Universal Ethical Norm’, Journal of Business Ethics 17, 105–109.
De George, R.T.: 2006, ‘The History of Business Ethics’, in M.J. Epstein and K.O. Hanson (eds.), The Accountable Corporation. Vol 2 Business Ethics (Praeger Westpoint), pp.47-58.
DesJardins, J.: 1984, ‘Virtues and Business Ethics’, in W.M. Hoffman, J.M. Moore and D. A. Fredo (eds.), Corporate Governance and Institutionalizing Ethics (D.C. Health and Company).
Donaldson, T. and T.W. Dunfee: 1994, ‘Towards a Unified Conception of Business Ethics: Integrative Social Contracts Theory’, Academy of Management Review 19, 252-284.
Donaldson, T. and T.W. Dunfee: 1999, Ties That Bind: A Social Contracts Approach to Business Ethics (Harvard Business School Press, Boston).
Finnis, J.: 1986, Natural Law and Natural Rights (Clarendon Press, Oxford).
Foot, P.: 1978, Virtues and Vices and Others Essays in Moral Philosophy (University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles).
Frankena, W.K.: 1973, Ethics (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ).
Frankental, P.: 2002, ‘The UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a corporate code of conduct’, Business Ethics: A European Review 11(2), 129-133.
Freeman, R.E.: 1991, Business Ethics: The State of the Art (Oxford University Press, New York).
Frenkel, D.A. and Y. Lurie: 2003, ‘Human rights in industrial relations – the Israeli approach’, Business Ethics: A European Review 12(1), 33-40.
Gensler, H.J.: 1996, Formal Ethics (Routledge, New York).
Harris, L.: 2002, ‘Achieving a Balance in Human Resourcing Between Employee Rights and Care for the Individual’, Business & Professional Ethics Journal 21(2), 45-60.
Hartman, E.M.: 1998, ‘The Role of Character in Business Ethics’, Business Ethics Quarterly 8(3), 547-559.
Hartman, E.M.: 2006, ‘Can We Teach Character? An Aristotelian Answer’, Academy of Management Learning & Education 5(1), 68-81.
Hartman, E.M.: 2008a, ‘Socratic Questions and Aristotelian Answers: A Virtue-Based Approach to Business Ethics’, Journal of Business Ethics 78(3), 313-328.
Hartman, E.M.: 2008b, ‘Reconciliation in Business Ethics: Some Advice from Aristotle’, Business Ethics Quarterly 18(2), 253-265.
Hasnas, J.: 1998, ‘The Normative Theories of Business Ethics: A Guide for the Perplexed’, Business Ethics Quarterly 8, 19-42.
Hauerwas, S.: 1981, A Community of Character: towards a Constructive Christian Social Ethics (University of Notre Dame Press, South Bend, IN).
Hursthouse, R.: 1999, On Virtue Ethics (Oxford University Press, New York).
Ip, P. K.: 2008, Is Confucianism Good for Business Ethics in China. Presented at the 15th IESE International Symposium on Ethics, Business and Society, Barcelona, May 15-17, 2008. Special Issue of the Journal of Business Ethics (Forthcoming)
Ishay, M.: 2008, The History of Human Rights: From Ancient Times to the Globalization Era, 2nd Rev. ed. (University of California Press, Berkeley)
Kant, I.: 1998 [1785], Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (Cambridge, New York)
Koehn, D.: 1995, ‘A role for virtue ethics in the analysis of business practice’, Business Ethics Quarterly 5(3), 533-539.
Koehn, D.: 1998, ‘Virtue Ethics, the Firm, and Moral Psychology’, Business Ethics Quarterly 8(3), 497-513.
Koslowski, P.: 2006, ‘The Common Good of the Firm as the Fiduciary Duty of the Manager’, in G.J. Rossuw and A.J. Sison (eds.), Global Perspectives on the Ethics of Corporate Governance (Palgrave-MacMillan, New York), pp.67-76.
MacInerny, R.M.: 1982, Etica Thomistica: The moral philosophy of Thomas Aquinas (Catholic University of America Press, Washington).
MacIntryre, A.: 1985, After Virtue. A Study in Moral Theory 2nd ed. (Duckworth, London).
Maritain, J.: 1947, The Person and the Common Good (Charles Scribner’s Son, New York).
McDowell, J.: 1997, ‘Virtue and Reason’, in R. Crisp and M. Slote (eds.), Virtue Ethics (Oxford University Press, New York), pp.141-162.
McHugh, F.P.: 1988, Keyguide to Information Sources in Business Ethics (Nichols Publishing, New York).
Melé, D.: 2002, ‘Not Only Stakeholders interests: The Firm Oriented towards the Common Good’, in S.A. Cortright and M.J. Naughton (eds.), Rethinking the Purpose of Business. Interdisciplinary Essays from Catholic Social Tradition (Notre Dame University Press, Notre Dame, IN), pp.190-214.
Melendo, T.: 1984, ‘Metafísica de la dignidad humana’, Anuario Filosófico 27, 15-35.
Messner, J.: 1965, Social Ethics. Natural Law in the Modern World, trans. J .J. Doherty (Herder, St. Louis, USA)
Moore, G.E.: 1951 [1903], Principia Ethica (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK)
Moore, G.: 2002, ‘On the Implications of the Practice-Institution Distinction: MacIntyre and the Application of Modern Virtue Ethics to Business’, Business Ethics Quarterly 12(1), 19-32.
Moore, G.: 2005a, ‘Corporate Character: Modern Virtue Ethics and the Virtuous Corporation’, Business Ethics Quarterly 15(4), 659-685.
Moore, G.: 2005b, ‘Humanizing Business: A Modern Virtue Ethics Approach’, Business Ethics Quarterly 15(2), 237-255.
Moses, J.: 2001, Oneness: Great Principles Shared by All Religions (Ballantine, New York).
Mounier, E.: 2001 [1952] Personalism (University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, IN).
Novack, M.: 1998, ‘The Judeo-Christian Foundation of Human Dignity’, Journal of Markets & Morality 1(2), 107-121.
Oderberg, D.S.: 2000, Moral Theory (Blackwell, Oxford).
PCJP (Pontificium Consilium ‘Justice and Peace’): 2004, Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Città del Vaticano).
Plato: 1967, Gorgias. Plato in Twelve Volumes, trans. W. R. M. Lamb (Harvard University Press & William Heinemann Ltd., Cambridge, MA, London)
Pope Benedict XVI: 2009, ‘Address to the Members of the Diplomatic Corps’, January 8, http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/speeches/2009/january/documents/hf_ben-xvi_spe_20090108_diplomatic-corps_en.html. Accessed 14 Jan 2009
Pope Benedictus XVI: 2008, ‘Address to the General Assembly of the United Nations Organization in New York’, April, 18, http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/speeches/2008/april/documents/hf_ben-xvi_spe_20080418_un-visit_en.html. Accessed 14 Jan 2009
Pope John Paul II: 1979, ‘Address to the Italian Catholic Lawyers Association (‘Unione Guiristi Italiani’)’, December 7, http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/1979/december/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_19791207_giuristi-cattolici_it.html. Accessed 14 Jan 2009
Porter, J.: 2005, Nature as Reason: A Thomistic Theory of the Natural Law (Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., Grand Rapids, MI and Cambridge, UK).
Roca, E.: 2008, ‘Introducing Practical Wisdom in Business Schools’, Journal of Business Ethics 82(3), 607-620.
Rourke, T. and R. Rourke: 2005, A Theory of Personalism (Lexington Books, New York).
Scheler, M.: 1973 [1913–1916], Formalism in Ethics and Non-formal Ethics of Values: A New Attempt toward the Foundation of an Ethical Personalism, trans. M. S. Frings and R. L. Funk (Northwester University Press, Evanston, IL)
Sen, A.: 1999, ‘Human Rights and Asian Values’, in T. Machan (ed.), Business Ethics in the Global Marketplace (Hoover Institution Press, Stanford, CA), pp.37-62.
Shaw, W.H.: 1996, ‘Business Ethics Today. A Survey’, Journal of Business Ethics 15, 489-500.
Sison, A.J.G.: 2007, ‘Toward a Common Good Theory of the Firm: The Tasubinsa Case’, Journal of Business Ethics 74(4), 471-480.
Slote, M.: 1983, Goods and Virtues (Oxford University Press, New York).
Slote, M.: 1992, From Morality to Virtue (Oxford University Press, New York).
Slote, M.: 2001, Morals from motives (Oxford University Press, New York).
Solomon, R.C.: 1992, ‘Corporate Roles, Personal Virtues: An Aristotelain Approach to Business Ethics’, Business Ethics Quarterly 2(3), 317-339.
Solomon, C. R.: 1993 [1992], Ethics and Excellence: Cooperation and Integrity in Business (Oxford University Press, New York)
Solomon, C.R.: 1999, A better way to think about business: how personal integrity leads to corporate success (Oxford University Press, New York).
Solomon, R.C.: 2004, ‘Aristotle, Ethics and Business Organizations’, Organization Studies 25(6), 1021-1043.
Spaemann, R.: 2000, Happiness and Benevolence, trans. J. Alberg (Notre Dame University Press, Notre Dame, IN)
Spaemann, R.: 2006, Persons: The Difference between ‘Someone’ and ‘Something’, trans. O. O’Donovan (Oxford University Press, Oxford/New York)
United Nations: 1987, Report of the World Commission on␣Environment and Development (The Brundtland Report), http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/42/ares42-187.htm. Accessed 14 May 2008
Von Balthasar, H.U.: 1986, ‘On the Concept of Person’, Communio: International Catholic Review 13(Spring), 18-26.
Walton, C.: 2004, ‘Character and Integrity in Organizations. The Civilization of the Workplace’, Business and Professional Ethics Journal 20, 105-128.
Watson (ed.). 1998, The Digest of Justinian (University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania).
Wattles, J.: 1996, The Golden Rule (Oxford University Press, New York).
Werhane, P.H. and R.E. Freeman: 1999, ‘Business ethics: the state of the art ‘, International Journal of Management Reviews 1(1), 1-16.
Whetstone, J.T.: 2002, ‘Personalism and Moral Leadership: The Servant Leader with a Transforming Vision’, Business Ethics: A European Review 11(4), 385-392.
Williams, B.: 1981, Moral Luck (Cambridge University Press, New York).
Williams, B.: 1985, Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy (Harvard University Prerss, Cambridge, MA).
Williams, T.D.: 2005, Who is my neighbor?: Personalism and the Foundations of Human Rights (Catholic University of America Press, Washington, D.C.).
Wojtyla, K.: 1993a, Person and Community. Selected Essays, trans. O. Theresa Sandok (Peter Lang, New York)
Wojtyla, K.: 1993b [1960], Love and Responsibility, trans. H. T. Willetts (Ignatius Press, San Francisco)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Melé, D. Integrating Personalism into Virtue-Based Business Ethics: The Personalist and the Common Good Principles. J Bus Ethics 88, 227–244 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0108-y
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0108-y