Abstract
Although research has documented the prevalence and health correlates of sexual aggression among women who have experienced severe partner violence (PV), no research has documented the parallel issues among male victims of severe PV. Research also suggests that children of female victims of both physical and sexual PV have worse mental health than children of female victims of physical PV only, but no research has assessed the mental health of children whose fathers experienced both physical and sexual PV. We surveyed 611 men who experienced physical PV from their female partners and sought help. We assessed the types and extent of various forms of PV, the men’s mental and physical health, and the mental health of their oldest child. Results showed that almost half of the men experienced sexual aggression in their relationship, and 28 % severe sexual aggression. Increasing levels of severity of sexual aggression victimization was associated with greater prevalence and types of other forms of PV. In addition, greater levels of severity of sexual aggression victimization among the men was significantly associated with depression symptoms, post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms, physical health symptoms, and poor health, and attention deficit and affective symptoms among their children. These associations held after controlling for demographics and other violence and trauma exposure. Discussion focused on the importance of broadening our conceptualization of PV against men by women to include sexual aggression as well.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/4-18 and 1991 Profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2001). Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms & profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, & Families.
Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (n.d.-a). Manual for the ASEBA pre-school forms & profiles: An integrated systems of multi-informant assessment. Retrieved from http://www.aseba.org/research/ASEBA%20Reliability%20&%20Validity-Pre-school%20.pdf.
Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (n.d.-b). Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms & profiles: An integrated systems of multi-informant assessment. Retrieved from http://www.aseba.org/research/ASEBA%20Reliability%20and%20Validity-School%20Age.pdf.
Addis, M. E., & Mahalik, J. R. (2003). Men, masculinity, and the contexts of help seeking. American Psychologist, 58, 5–14.
Anderson, P. B., & Savage, J. S. (2005). Social, legal, and institutional context of heterosexual aggression by college women. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 6, 130–140.
Bennice, J. A., & Resick, P. A. (2003). Marital rape history, research, and practice. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 4, 228–246.
Bennice, J. A., Resick, P. A., Mechanic, M., & Astin, M. (2003). The relative effects of intimate partner physical and sexual violence on post-traumatic stress disorder symptomatology. Violence and Victims, 18, 87–94.
Black, M. C., Basile, K. C., Breiding, M. J., Smith, S. G., Walters, M. L., Merrick, M. T., … Stevens, M. R. (2011). The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey: 2010 summary report. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Blanchard, E. B., Jones-Alexander, J. B., Buckley, T. C., & Forneris, C. A. (1996). Psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist (PCL). Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34, 669–673.
Campbell, J. C. (1989). Women’s response to sexual abuse in intimate relationships. Health Care for Women International, 10, 335–346.
Campbell, J. C., & Soeken, K. L. (1999). Forced sex and intimate partner violence effects on women’s risk and women’s health. Violence Against Women, 5, 1017–1035.
Campbell, J. C., Webster, D., Koziol-McLain, J., Block, C., Campbell, D., Curry, M. A., … Laughon, K. (2003). Risk factors for femicide in abusive relationships: Results from a multisite case control study. American Journal of Public Health, 93, 1089–1097.
Cohen, S., & Hoberman, H. M. (1983). Positive events and social supports as buffers of life change stress. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 13, 99–125.
Cook, P. W., & Hodo, T. L. (2013). When women sexually abuse men: The hidden side of rape, stalking, harassment, and sexual assault. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger.
Craig Shea, M. E. (1998). When the tables are turned: Verbal sexual coercion among college women. In P. B. Anderson & C. Struckman-Johnson (Eds.), Sexually aggressive women: Current perspectives and controversies (pp. 94–104). New York: Guilford Press.
Dutton, M. A. (2009). Pathways linking intimate partner violence and posttraumatic disorder. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 10, 211–224.
Ehrensaft, M. K., Moffitt, T. E., & Caspi, A. (2004). Clinically abusive relationships in an unselected birth cohort: Men’s and women’s participation and developmental antecedents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 258–271.
Felson, R. B. (2002). Violence and gender reexamined. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Ferdinand, R. F. (2008). Validity of the CBCL/YSR DSM-IV scales anxiety problems and affective problems. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 126–134.
Follingstad, D. R., & Rogers, M. J. (2013). Validity concerns in the measurement of women’s and men’s report of intimate partner violence. Sex Roles, 69, 149–167.
George, M. J. (2003). Invisible touch. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 8, 23–60.
Giles-Sims, J. (1983). Wife battering: A systems theory approach. New York: Guilford Press.
Golding, J. M. (1999). Intimate partner violence as a risk factor for mental disorders: A meta-analysis. Journal of Family Violence, 14, 99–132.
Hines, D. A. (2007). Predictors of sexual coercion against women and men: A multilevel, multinational study of university students. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 36, 403–422.
Hines, D. A., Armstrong, J. L., Reed, K. P., & Cameron, A. Y. (2012). Gender differences in sexual assault victimization among college students. Violence and Victims, 27, 922–940.
Hines, D. A., & Douglas, E. M. (2010a). Intimate terrorism by women towards men: Does it exist? Journal of Aggression, Conflict, and Peace Research, 2, 36–56.
Hines, D. A., & Douglas, E. M. (2010b). A closer look at men who sustain intimate terrorism by women. Partner Abuse, 1, 286–313.
Hines, D. A., & Douglas, E. M. (2011). Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in men who sustain intimate partner violence: A study of helpseeking and community samples. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 12, 112–127.
Hines, D. A., & Douglas, E. M. (2012). Alcohol and drug abuse in men who sustain intimate partner violence. Aggressive Behavior, 38, 31–46.
Hines, D. A., & Douglas, E. M. (2013). Predicting potentially life-threatening partner violence by women toward men: A preliminary analysis. Violence and Victims, 28, 751–771.
Hines, D. A., Douglas, E. M., & Berger, J. L. (2014). A self-report measure of legal and administrative aggression within intimate relationships. Aggressive Behavior. doi:10.1002/ab.21540.
Hines, D. A., & Saudino, K. J. (2003). Gender differences in psychological, physical, and sexual aggression among college students using the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales. Violence and Victims, 18, 197–218.
Johnson, H. (1995). Risk factors associated with non-lethal violence against women by marital partners. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics.
Johnson, M. P. (2006). Conflict and control: Gender symmetry and asymmetry in domestic violence. Violence Against Women, 12, 1003–1018.
Kantor, G. K., Holt, M. K., Mebert, C. J., Straus, M. A., Drach, K. M., Ricci, L. R., … Brown, W. (2004). Development and preliminary psychometric properties of the Multidimensional Neglectful Behavior Scale-Child Report. Child Maltreatment, 9, 409–428.
Krebs, C. P., Lindquist, C. H., Warner, T. D., Fisher, B. S., & Martin, S. L. (2007). The Campus Sexual Assault Study. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Justice.
Lang, A. J., Laffaye, C., Satz, L. E., Dresselhaus, T. R., & Stein, M. B. (2003). Sensitivity and specificity of the PTSD checklist for detecting PTSD in female veterans in primary care. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 16, 257–264.
Laroche, D. (2005). Aspects of the context and consequences of domestic violence—Situational couple violence and intimate terrorism in Canada in 1999. Quebec: Institut de la statistique du Quebec.
Lauterbach, D., & Vrana, S. (1996). Three studies on the reliability and validity of a self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder. Assessment, 3, 17–25.
Logan, T., Cole, J. R., & Shannon, L. A. (2007). A mixed-methods examination of sexual coercion and degradation among women in violent relationships who do and do not report forced sex. Violence and Victims, 22, 71–94.
Martin, E. K., Taft, C. T., & Resick, P. A. (2007). A review of marital rape. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 12, 329–347.
McFarlane, J. (2007). Pregnancy following partner rape: What we know and what we need to know. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 8, 127–134.
McFarlane, J. M., & Malecha, A. (2005). Sexual assault among intimates: Frequency, consequences and treatments. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
McFarlane, J., Malecha, A., Gist, J., Watson, K., Batten, E., Hall, I., et al. (2005). Intimate partner sexual assault against women and associated victim substance use, suicidality, and risk factors for femicide. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 26, 953–967.
McFarlane, J., Malecha, A., Watson, K., Gist, J., Batten, E., Hall, I., et al. (2007). Intimate partner physical and sexual assault and child behavior problems. American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing, 32, 74–80.
McHorney, C. A., Ware, J. E., Lu, J. F., & Sherbourne, C. D. (1994). The MOS 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), III: Tests of data quality, scaling assumptions, and reliability across diverse patient groups. Medical Care, 32, 40–66.
Meyer, S.-L., Vivian, D., & O’Leary, K. D. (1998). Men’s sexual aggression in marriage: Couples’ reports. Violence Against Women, 4, 415–435.
Meyers, L. S., Gamst, G., & Guarino, A. J. (2013). Applied multivariate research: Design and interpretation (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Krueger, R. F., Magdol, L., Margolin, G., Silva, P. A., et al. (1997). Do partners agree about abuse in their relationship? A psychometric evaluation of interpartner agreement. Psychological Assessment, 9, 47–56.
Monson, C. M., Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J., & Taft, C. T. (2009). Sexual aggression in intimate relationships. In K. D. O’Leary & E. M. Woodin (Eds.), Psychological and physical aggression in couples: Causes and interventions (pp. 37–58). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Nakamura, B. J., Ebesutani, C., Bernstein, A., & Chorpita, B. F. (2009). A psychometric analysis of the Child Behavior Checklist DSM-oriented scales. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 31, 178–189.
Okun, L. (1986). Woman abuse: Facts replacing myths. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Pico-Alfonso, M. A., Garcia-Linares, M. I., Celda-Navarro, N., Blasco-Ros, C., Echeburúa, E., & Martinez, M. (2006). The impact of physical, psychological, and sexual intimate male partner violence on women’s mental health: Depressive symptoms, posttraumatic stress disorder, state anxiety, and suicide. Journal of Women’s Health, 15, 599–611.
Pino, N. W., & Meier, R. F. (1999). Gender differences in rape reporting. Sex Roles, 40, 979–990.
Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385–401.
Richters, J. E., & Martinez, P. (1992). Things I have seen and heard: measures for assessment of functioning & outcomes in longitudinal research on child abuse. Retrieved from http://www.iprc.unc.edu/longscan/pages/measures/Ages5to11/Things%20I%27ve%20Seen%20and%20Heard.pdf.
Richters, J. E., & Martinez, P. (1993). The NIMH community violence project: I. Children as victims of and witnesses to violence. Psychiatry, 56, 7–21.
Ruggiero, K. J., DelBen, K., Scotti, J. R., & Rabalais, A. E. (2003). Psychometric properties of the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 16, 495–502.
Sarrel, P. M., & Masters, W. H. (1982). Sexual molestation of men by women. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 11, 117–131.
Spiller, L. C., Jouriles, E. N., McDonald, R., & Skopp, N. A. (2012). Physically abused women’s experiences of sexual victimization and their children’s disruptive behavior problems. Psychology of Violence, 2, 401–410.
Spilsbury, J. C., Kahana, S., Drotar, D., Creeden, R., Flannery, D. J., & Friedman, S. (2008). Profiles of behavioral problems in children who witness domestic violence. Violence and Victims, 23, 3–17.
Straus, M. A. (1990). Injury and frequency of assault and the ‘representative sample fallcy’ in measuring wife beating and child abuse. In M. A. Straus & R. J. Gelles (Eds.), Physical violence in American families: Risk factors and adaptations in 8,145 families (pp. 75–89). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
Straus, M. A. (1995). Trends in cultural norms and rates of partner violence: An update to 1992. In S. Stith & M. A. Straus (Eds.), Understanding partner violence: Prevalence, causes, consequences, and solutions (pp. 30–33). Minneapolis, MN: National Council on Family Relations.
Straus, M. A., Hamby, S. L., Boney-McCoy, S., & Sugarman, D. (1996). The Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS-2): Development and preliminary psychometric data. Journal of Family Issues, 17, 283–316.
Straus, M. A., Hamby, S. L., Boney-McCoy, S., & Sugarman, D. (1999). The personal and relationships profile (PRP). Retrieved from http://pubpages.unh.edu/~mas2/.
Straus, M. A., & Mouradian, V. E. (1999). Preliminary psychometric data from the personal and relationships profile (PRP): A multi-scale tool for clinical screening and research on partner violence. Retrieved from http://pubpages.unh.edu/~mas2/.
Struckman-Johnson, C. (1988). Forced sex on dates: It happens to men, too. Journal of Sex Research, 24, 234–241.
Struckman-Johnson, C. (1991). Male victims of acquaintance rape. In A. Parrot & L. Bechhofer (Eds.), Acquaintance rape: The hidden crime (pp. 192–213). New York: Wiley.
Sutherland, C. A., Sullivan, C. M., & Bybee, D. I. (2001). Effects of intimate partner violence versus poverty on women’s health. Violence Against Women, 7, 1122–1143.
Tjaden, P., & Thoennes, N. (2000). Extent, nature, and consequences of intimate partner violence: Findings from the National Violence Against Women Survey. Retrieved from http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/181867.htm.
Tolman, R. M. (1995). Psychological maltreatment of women inventory. Retrieved from http://www-personal.umich.edu/~rtolman/pmwif.htm.
Truman, J. L., & Morgan, R. E. (2014). Nonfatal domestic violence, 2003–2012. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Retrieved from http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/ndv0312.pdf.
Vrana, S., & Lauterbach, D. (1994). Prevalence of traumatic events and post-traumatic psychological symptoms in a nonclinical sample of college students. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 7, 289–302.
Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Herman, D. S., Huska, J. A., & Keane, T. M. (1993, October). The PTSD Checklist (PCL): Reliability, validity, and diagnostic utility. Paper presented at the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, San Antonio, TX.
Woodin, E. M., Sotskova, A., & O’Leary, K. D. (2013). Intimate partner violence assessment in an historical context: Divergent approaches and opportunities for progress. Sex Roles, 69, 120–130.
Acknowledgments
The project described was supported by Grant Number 1R15HD071635 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the NICHD.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hines, D.A., Douglas, E.M. Sexual Aggression Experiences Among Male Victims of Physical Partner Violence: Prevalence, Severity, and Health Correlates for Male Victims and Their Children. Arch Sex Behav 45, 1133–1151 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-014-0393-0
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-014-0393-0