Abstract
Recent scholarship has focused on the tensions, contradictions, and limits of place-based branding through labels of origin, place-named agricultural products, and geographical indications. Existing literature demonstrates that even well-intentioned efforts to use place-based branding to protect the livelihoods and cultural and ecological practices of small producers are often undermined by transnational firms, states, and local elites who attempt to capture the benefits of these marketing strategies. Yet, little attention has been given to the implications of place-based branding for competition among geographically dispersed agricultural producers. While place-based branding can be used for emancipatory ends, it can also be used strategically by agricultural producers to expand their market share at the expense of others. To explore these dynamics, I trace an alternative history of place-based branding that begins not in the potentially emancipatory politics of protecting terroir but rather in the tensions and contradictions characterizing the rise and decline of the US food regime. Drawing on a cross-time comparison of branding strategies within the global cotton trade, I make two key arguments. First, I argue that US producers and the US state forged the use of different types of branding strategies (product vs. place-based) in response to the distinct tensions and contradictions characterized by the rise and decline of the US food regime. Second, these distinct branding strategies organized competition among geographically dispersed cotton producers in different ways.
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Notes
Certification marks are words, symbols, or designs owned by a party that certifies the goods and services of other parties if they meet certain standards. The owner of the mark itself generally does not use it but rather controls the mark and evaluates whether others have met its standards for use (USPTO 2013). A mark can be obtained if the public is deemed to understand that goods bearing the mark come only from the geographic region named in the mark. The goals of certification marks, however, are similar to those of trademarks: protecting the owner and users of the mark from confusingly similar marks or from being seen as simply a generic commodity (Giovannucci et al. 2010). Unlike trademarks, US certification marks cannot be sold or traded and the owner cannot refuse to certify goods that meet the standards. As such, they reflect, to a degree, the nature of a “public good” (Giovannucci et al. 2010).
After the PL 480 programs were discontinued, the FMDP continued to be funded through direct financing (Dunn 1992).
The National Cotton Council is a commodity trade association that serves as a unified voice for seven segments of the cotton textile industry: cotton producers, ginners, warehousers, merchants, cooperatives, cottonseed processors/dealers, and textile manufacturers.
The US and USSR were not competing for market share per se as they were exporting cotton to nearly mutually exclusive trade networks. Cotton exports served largely as a tool to expand their respective zones of influence.
The Uzbek SSR had long been a major cotton producing region in the Soviet sphere, but it was only with the fall of the Soviet Union in 1989 that the newly independent Uzbekistan became integrated into the capitalist global trade in cotton.
First known as the Targeted Export Assistance (TEA) Program when established in 1985, this program’s name was subsequently changed to the Market Promotion Program (MPP) and then the Market Access Program in 1996 (Amponsah et al. 1996).
Abbreviations
- AoA:
-
Agreement on Agriculture
- CCA:
-
China Cotton Association
- CCI:
-
Cotton Council International
- EFS:
-
Engineered Fiber Selection
- FMDP:
-
Foreign Market Development Program
- GATT:
-
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
- ICAC:
-
International Cotton Advisory Committee
- IFCP:
-
International Forum for Cotton Promotion
- IIC:
-
International Institute for Cotton
- MAP:
-
Market Access Program
- NCC:
-
National Cotton Council
- OPEC:
-
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
- UK:
-
United Kingdom
- US:
-
United States
- USDA:
-
United States Department of Agriculture
- USSR:
-
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (or Soviet Union)
- WTO:
-
World Trade Organization
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Acknowledgments
I would like to thank Alessandro Bonanno, Brent Kaup, Harvey James, and three anonymous reviewers for useful comments on this paper. This research was generously funded by fellowships from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada and the Canadian Federation of University Women.
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Quark, A.A. Agricultural commodity branding in the rise and decline of the US food regime: from product to place-based branding in the global cotton trade, 1955–2012. Agric Hum Values 32, 777–793 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-015-9593-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-015-9593-z