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Provisioning ecosystem services related with oak (Quercus) systems: a review of challenges and opportunities

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Abstract

Natural, semi-natural, and extensively managed oak woodlands and forests are prevalent across the world. These lands fulfil a range of ecosystem services, goods, and functions. Increasing natural and anthropogenic pressures impose threats to these lands. This paper first describes the Quercus genus and discusses management and mismanagement practices of oak systems. Then, the provisioning ecosystem services related with oak systems are reviewed, including: (1) oak’s agroforestry and silvopasture systems for the production of food, pasture, and additional products; (2) browsing of oak leaves and acorns by livestock; (3) harvesting of oak wood for timber; (4) cork oak stripping, and the uses of cork; (5) acorn-based foods and beverages; and (6) others uses, such as the production of medicines and extraction of tannins for the leather industry. We discuss the multi-purpose and multi-functional nature of oak systems, and demonstrate how they diversify sources of income for local communities, resulting in improved economic and food security. Further, we show the important role of woodlands certification, aimed at protecting oak systems while ensuring environmental equity. Also, we demonstrate how providing of financial support for reforestation and afforestation schemes of degraded oak woodlands, could restore ecosystem functioning and reverse land degradation. Then, we stress the need to involve traditional knowledge in restoration schemes of degraded oak systems. Lastly, we demonstrate how policymaking and legislation regarding the oak’s commercial plantations and farming systems could alleviate stresses imposed on the world’s oak woodlands and forests by producing alternative sources of wood for the timber industry.

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Acknowledgements

This review paper was made possible due to the framework provided by the EU COST Action 19128 on 'Pan-European Network for Climate Adaptive Forest Restoration and Reforestation’. The authors gratefully acknowledge: Philip Heilman for sharing his insights on the impact of long-term droughts on the Arizona white oak populations in southwestern United States; Manuel Pulido Fernández for sharing his insights on the holm oak and cork oak systems in southwestern Spain; Liat Lerner for producing Figure 2; and Michelle Finzi for proofreading of the manuscript. Particularly, the first author kindly acknowledges Ezra Barnea, the founder of the Israel Oak Association, for sharing his profound knowledge on oak systems. Also, the authors are grateful to three anonymous reviewers, whose comments on the original version allowed the considerable improvement of the manuscript. The Dead Sea and Arava Science Center is supported by the Israel Ministry of Science and Technology.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dead Sea and Arava Science Center, 88820, Yotvata, Israel

    Ilan Stavi

  2. Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Eilat Campus, 88100, Eilat, Israel

    Ilan Stavi

  3. Deutsche Gesellschaft Für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 32+36, 53113, Bonn, Germany

    Niels Thevs

  4. Faculty of Forest and Environment, Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development, Alfred-Moeller-Str. 1, 16225, Eberswalde, Germany

    Martin Welp

  5. CIHEAM Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari, Via Ceglie 9, 70010, Bari, Italy

    Pandi Zdruli

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  1. Ilan Stavi
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  2. Niels Thevs
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  4. Pandi Zdruli
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Correspondence to Ilan Stavi.

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Stavi, I., Thevs, N., Welp, M. et al. Provisioning ecosystem services related with oak (Quercus) systems: a review of challenges and opportunities. Agroforest Syst 96, 293–313 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-021-00718-3

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