Skip to main content
Log in

Flexibility in foraging strategies of Brown Skuas in response to local and seasonal dietary constraints

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Journal of Ornithology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The Brown Skua Stercorarius antarcticus lonnbergi is an opportunistic species that displays a high degree of flexibility in foraging tactics. We deployed global positioning system (GPS) and immersion (activity) loggers on breeding Brown Skuas of known sex, body size and condition at Admiralty Bay, King George Island with the aim to examine the impacts of spatial and seasonal fluctuations in prey availability on movement and foraging behavior. We also investigated whether reversed sexual size dimorphism (females larger than males) in this species leads to differences between sexes in foraging behavior and whether this or other factors contribute to variation in breeding success. Analysis of the GPS data highlighted the high degree of plasticity in foraging behavior among individuals. Although most Brown Skuas were flexible in their feeding tactics, this was not enough to ensure a successful breeding season, as few pairs fledged chicks. During early chick rearing, Brown Skuas spent most of their time on land, feeding almost exclusively on penguin chicks. By late chick rearing, when the availability of penguins had diminished, Brown Skuas supplemented the food obtained on land by traveling to the ocean. All foraging trips to sea occurred during daylight, mostly during the early morning. Despite marked sexual size dimorphism, we failed to find any difference in foraging tactics between males and females. Furthermore, although laying date affected the number of chicks hatched (earlier pairs were more successful), no relationship was found between breeding success and male or female body size, condition or degree of dimorphism within pairs.

Zusammenfassung

Flexible Nahrungsstrategien von Skuas als Reaktion auf lokale und saisonale Nahrungsengpässe

Skuas Stercorarius antarcticus lonnbergi sind Opportunisten, die hoch flexibel sind in ihren Nahrungsstrategien. In der vorliegenden Studie, durchgeführt in der Admiralty Bay auf King George Island, wurden brütende Skuas mit bekanntem Geschlecht, Körpergröße und Kondition mit GPS- und Immersions- (Aktivitäts-) Datenloggern ausgestattet, um die Auswirkungen von räumlichen und saisonalen Fluktuationen in der Nahrungsverfügbarkeit auf das Bewegungs-und Nahrungssucheverhalten zu untersuchen. Außerdem wurde untersucht, ob der umgekehrte Sexualdimorphismus bezüglich der Körpergröße (Weibchen größer als Männchen) bei dieser Art zu Unterschieden zwischen den Geschlechtern im Nahrungssucheverhalten führt und ob dieser oder andere Faktoren zu Variationen im Bruterfolg beitragen. Die Analyse der GPS-Daten stellte einen hohen Grad an Plastizität im Nahrungssuchverhalten zwischen den Individuen heraus. Obwohl die meisten Skuas flexibel in ihren Fresstaktiken waren, sicherte dies nicht automatisch eine erfolgreiche Brutsaison, da nur wenige Paare Küken aufzogen. Während der frühen Phase der Kükenaufzucht verbrachten die Skuas die meiste Zeit an Land und erbeuteten nahezu ausnahmslos Pinguinküken. In der späten Phase der Kükenaufzucht, als die Verfügbarkeit von Pinguinen vermindert war, ergänzten die Skuas ihre Landnahrung durch Nahrungsflüge auf dem Ozean. Alle Nahrungsflüge auf dem Meer waren tagsüber, meistens am frühen Morgen. Trotz des ausgeprägten Geschlechtsdimorphismus in der Körpergröße konnten keine Unterschiede im Nahrungssuchverhalten zwischen Männchen und Weibchen gefunden werden. Und obwohl das Legedatum die Anzahl der geschlüpften Küken beeinflusste (frühe Paare waren erfolgreicher), konnte keine Abhängigkeit zwischen dem Bruterfolg und der Körpergröße und Kondition von Männchen und Weibchen oder dem Grad des Dimorphismus innerhalb der Paare nachgewiesen werden.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Anderson ORJ, Phillips RA, Shore RF, McGill RAR, McDonald RA, Bearhop S (2009) Diet, individual specialisation and breeding of Brown Skuas (Catharacta antarctica lonnbergi): an investigation using stable isotopes. Polar Biol 32:27–33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Annett C, Pierotti R (1989) Chick hatching as a trigger for dietary switching in the Western Gull. Colon Waterbirds 12:4–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bates D, Maechler M, Bolker B (2013) lme4: linear mixed-effect models using S4 classes. R package version 0.999999-2. Available at: http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=lme4

  • Bolnick DI, Svanbäck R, Fordyce JA, Yang LH, Davis JM, Hulsey CD, Forister ML (2003) The ecology of individuals: incidence and implications of individual specialization. Am Nat 161:1–28

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burton RW (1968) Breeding biology of the Brown Skua, Catharacta skua lonnbergi (Mathews), at Signy Island, South Orkney Island. Br Antarct Surv Bull 15:9–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Carneiro APB, Polito MJ, Sander M, Trivelpiece WZ (2010) Abundance and spatial distribution of sympatrically breeding Catharacta spp. (skuas) in Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctica. Polar Biol 33:673–682

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carneiro APB, Manica A, Phillips RA (2014) Foraging behaviour and habitat use by Brown Skuas Stercorarius lonnbergi breeding at South Georgia. Mar Biol 161:1755–1764

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Catry P, Ruxton G, Ratcliffe N, Hamer K, Furness R (1999) Short-lived repeatabilities in long-lived great skuas: implications for the study of individual quality. Oikos 84:473–479

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ceia FR, Phillips RA, Ramos JA, Cherel Y, Vieira RP, Richard P, Xavier JC (2012) Short- and long-term consistency in the foraging niche of Wandering Albatrosses. Mar Biol 159:1581–1591

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cherel Y, Kernaléguen L, Richard P, Guinet G (2009) Whisker isotopic signature depicts migration patterns and multi-year intra- and inter-individual foraging strategies in fur seals. Biol Lett 5(6):830–832

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Christel I, Navarro J, del Castillo M, Cama A, Ferrer X (2012) Foraging movements of Audouin’s gull (Larus audouinii) in the Ebro Delta, NW Mediterranean: a preliminary satellite-tracking study. Estuar Coast Shelf S 96:257–261

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis JWF (1976) Breeding success and experience in the Arctic skua, Stercorarius parasiticus (L.). J Anim Ecol 45:531–535

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fraser MW (1984) Foods of sub-Antarctic skuas on Inaccessible Island. Ostrich 55:192–195

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grilli MG, Montalti D (2012) Trophic interactions between brown and south polar skuas at Deception Island, Antarctica. Polar Biol 35:299–304

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hahn S, Bauer S (2008) Dominance in feeding territories relates to foraging success and offspring growth in Brown Skuas Catharacta antarctica lonnbergi. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 62:1149–1157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hahn S, Peter H-U (2003) Feeding territoriality and the reproductive consequences in Brown Skuas Catharacta antarctica lonnbergi. Polar Biol 26:552–559

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hahn S, Reinhardt K, Ritz MS, Janicke T, Montalti D, Peter H-U (2007) Oceanographic and climatic factors differentially affect reproduction performance of Antarctic skuas. Mar Ecol-Prog Ser 334:287–297

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamer KC, Humphreys EM, Garthe S, Hennicke J, Peters G, Grémillet D, Phillips RA, Harris MP, Wanless S (2007) Annual variation in diets, feeding locations and foraging behaviour of gannets in the north sea: flexibility, consistency and constraint. Mar Ecol-Prog Ser 338:295–305

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harrell FE Jr (2013) Hmisc: Harrell Miscellaneous. R package version 3.12-1

  • Harris S, Rey AR, Phillips RA, Quintana F (2013) Sexual segregation in timing of foraging by Imperial Shags (Phalacrocorax atriceps): is it always ladies first? Mar Biol 160:1249–1258

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hipfner JM, McFarlane-Tranquilla L, Addison B, Hobson KA (2013) Trophic responses to the hatching of offspring in a central-place foraging seabird. J Ornithol 154:965–970

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mackley EK, Phillips RA, Silk JRD, Wakefield ED, Afanasyev V, Furness RW (2011) At-sea activity patterns of breeding and nonbreeding white-chinned petrels Procellaria aequinoctialis from South Georgia. Mar Biol 158:429–438

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malzof SL, Quintana RD (2008) Diets of the south polar skua and the Brown Skua at Cierva Point, Antarctic Peninsula. Polar Biol 31:827–835

  • Masello JF, Wikelski M, Voigt CC, Quillfeldt P (2013) Distribution patterns predict individual specialization in the diet of Dolphin Gulls. PLoS ONE 8:e67714

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McLeay LJ, Page B, Goldsworthy SD, Paton DC, Teixeira C, Burch P, Ward T (2010) Foraging behaviour and habitat use of a short-ranging seabird, the crested tern. Mar Ecol-Prog Ser 411:271–283

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moncorps S, Chapuis J, Haubreux D, Bretagnolle V (1998) Diet of the Brown Skua Catharacta skua lonnbergi on the Kerguelen archipelago: comparisons between techniques and between islands. Polar Biol 19:9–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mougeot F, Genevois F, Bretagnolle V (1998) Predation on burrowing petrels by the Brown Skua (Catharacta skua lonnbergi) at Mayes Island, Kerguelen. J Zool 244:429–438

    Google Scholar 

  • Navarro J, Votier SC, Aguzzi J, Chiesa JJ, Forero MG, Phillips RA (2013) Ecological segregation in space, time and trophic niche of sympatric planktivorous petrels. PLoS ONE 8:e62897

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patrick SC, Bearhop S, Grémillet D, Lescroël A, Grecian WJ, Bodey TW, Hamer KC, Wakefield E, Le Nuz M, Votier SC (2014) Individual differences in searching behaviour and spatial foraging consistency in a central place marine predator. Oikos 123:33–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pennycuick CJ (1989) Bird flight performance: a practical calculation manual. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Pezzo F, Olmastroni S, Corsolini S, Focardi S (2001) Factors affecting the breeding success of the south polar Skua Catharacta maccormicki at Edmonson Point, Victoria Land, Antarctica. Polar Biol 24:389–393

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phalan B, Phillips RA, Silk JRD, Afanasyev V, Fukuda A, Fox J, Catry P, Higuchi H, Croxall JP (2007) Foraging behaviour of four albatross species by night and day. Mar Ecol-Prog Ser 340:271–286

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips RA, Dawson D, Ross D (2002) Mating patterns and reversed size dimorphism in southern skuas (Stercorarius skua lonnbergi). Auk 119:858–863

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips RA, Xavier JC, Croxall JP, Burger AE (2003) Effects of satellite transmitters on albatrosses and petrels. Auk 120:1082–1090

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips RA, Phalan B, Forster I (2004a) Diet and long-term changes in population size and productivity of Brown Skuas Catharacta antarctica lonnbergi at Bird Island, South Georgia. Polar Biol 27:555–561

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips RA, Silk J, Phalan B, Catry P, Croxall J (2004b) Seasonal sexual segregation in two Thalassarche albatross species: competitive exclusion, reproductive role specialization or foraging niche divergence? P Roy Soc Lond B Biol 271:1283–1291

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips RA, Catry P, Silk JRD, Bearhop S, McGill R, Afanasyev V, Strange IJ (2007) Movements, winter distribution and activity patterns of Falkland and Brown Skuas: insights from loggers and isotopes. Mar Ecol-Prog Ser 345:281–291

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips RA, McGill RAR, Dawson DA, Bearhop S (2011) Sexual segregation in distribution, diet and trophic level of seabirds: insights from stable isotope analysis. Mar Biol 158:2199–2208

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pietz PJ (1986) Daily activity patterns of south polar and Brown Skuas near Palmer Station, Antarctica. Auk 103:726–736

    Google Scholar 

  • Pietz PJ (1987) Feeding and nesting ecology of sympatric south polar and Brown Skuas. Auk 104:617–627

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinet P, Jaquemet S, Phillips RA, Le Corre M (2012) Sex-specific foraging strategies throughout the breeding season in a tropical, sexually monomorphic small petrel. Anim Behav 83:979–989

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quillfeldt P, McGill R, Furness R (2005) Diet and foraging areas of Southern Ocean seabirds and their prey inferred from stable isotopes: review and case study of Wilson’s storm-petrel. Mar Ecol-Prog Ser 295:295–304

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quillfeldt P, Schroff S, van Noordwijk HJ, Michalik A, Ludynia K, Masello JF (2011) Flexible foraging behaviour of a sexually dimorphic seabird: large males do not always dive deep. Mar Ecol-Prog Ser 428:271–287

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reinhardt K (1997) Breeding success of southern hemisphere skuas Catharacta spp.: the influence of latitude. Ardea 85:73–82

    Google Scholar 

  • Reinhardt K, Hahn S, Peter H-U, Wemhoff H (2000) A review of the diets of Southern Hemisphere skuas. Mar Ornithol 28:7–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan PG, Moloney CL (1991) Prey selection and temporal variation in the diet of sub-Antarctic skuas at Inaccessible Island, Tristan da Cunha. Ostrich 62:52–58

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan PG, Whittington PA, Crawford RJM (2009) A tale of two islands: contrasting fortunes for sub-Antarctic skuas at the Prince Edward Islands. Afr J Mar Sci 31:431–437

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) NIH image to imageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nat Methods 9:671–675

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shaffer SA, Weimerskirch H, Costa DP (2001) Functional significance of sexual dimorphism in wandering albatrosses, Diomedea exulans. Funct Ecol 15:203–210

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shaffer SA, Costa DP, Weimerskirch H (2003) Foraging effort in relation to the constraints of reproduction in free-ranging albatrosses. Funct Ecol 17:66–74

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stauss C, Bearhop S, Bodey TW, Garthe S, Gunn C, Grecian WJ, Inger R, Knight ME, Newton J, Patrick SC, Phillips RA, Waggitt JJ, Votier SC (2012) Sex-specific foraging behaviour in Northern Gannets Morus bassanus: incidence and implications. Mar Ecol-Prog Ser 457:151–162

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trivelpiece WZ, Volkman NJ (1982) Feeding strategies of sympatric south polar Catharacta maccormicki and Brown Skuas C. lonnbergi. Ibis 124:50–54

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trivelpiece WZ, Butler RG, Volkman NJ (1980) Feeding territories of Brown Skuas (Catharacta lonnbergi). Auk 97:669–676

    Google Scholar 

  • Weimerskirch H, Prince PA, Zimmermann L (2000) Chick provisioning by the Yellow-nosed Albatross Diomedea chlororhynchos: response of foraging effort to experimentally increased costs and demands. Ibis 142:103–110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Young EC, Jenkins PE, Douglas ME, Lovegrove TG (1988) Nocturnal foraging by Chatham Island skuas. N Z J Ecol 11:113–117

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou M, Niiler PP, Zhu Y, Dorland RD (2006) The western boundary current in the Bransfield Strait, Antarctica. Deep-Sea Res I 53:1244–1252

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to the field team on King George Island (Matt Henschen, Brette Soucie and Caitlyn Bishop) for assisting with device deployments and recoveries, and to Sue Trivelpiece for helping with all logistical preparations. This research was supported by logistical and scientific funding from the US AMLR Program and from OPP grant #0739536 to W. and S. Trivelpiece from the National Science Foundation. This work complies with, and was completed in accordance to, an Antarctic Conservation Act permit, provided by the US National Science Foundation.

Conflict of interest

None.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ana P. B. Carneiro.

Additional information

Communicated by C. Barbraud.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Carneiro, A.P.B., Manica, A., Trivelpiece, W.Z. et al. Flexibility in foraging strategies of Brown Skuas in response to local and seasonal dietary constraints. J Ornithol 156, 625–633 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-015-1156-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-015-1156-y

Keywords

Navigation