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Seasonal survival rates and causes of mortality of Little Owls in Denmark

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Abstract

Survival rate is an essential component of population dynamics; therefore, identification of variation in mortality rates and the factors that influence them might be of key importance in understanding why populations increase or decrease. In Denmark, the Little Owl Athene noctua, a species strongly associated with anthropogenically modified landscapes, is declining fast and may soon face extinction. The population decline is ultimately associated with reduced survival of independent offspring, but reduced survival rates of adults may possibly contribute to the observed decline. To explore the causes of current survival rates, we estimated age- and season-specific survival rates and causes of mortality in Danish Little Owls on the basis of ringed birds 1920–2002, radio tagged adult and juveniles 2005–2008 and nest surveys 2006–2008. We estimate that 32 % of all eggs fledge and survive to 2 weeks post hatching (age of ringing) and 47 % of the nestlings from ringing to fledging. Fifty-five percentage of the radio-tracked fledged young survived to dispersal, i.e. a total survival rate from egg to dispersal of 8 %. Analyses of combined ringing and radio tracking data showed a lower survival rate in the 1st year of life and a much lower rate in the first 3 months of life. Furthermore, the analyses indicated that survival was lower in the winter months for ringing data during 1920–2002 but not for radio-tagged owls during 2005–2008 that experienced the highest mortality rates during the breeding season. In radio-tagged adults and fledged juveniles, accidents in buildings and other human infrastructures were responsible for two-thirds of all fatalities. Anthropogenic habitats currently comprise the nesting and roosting habitats for the last Danish Little Owls. The accidental deaths associated with these might to some extent be considered as a contributing factor to the present negative population growth rate of this population.

Zusammenfassung

Saisonale Überlebensraten und Ursachen für Sterblichkeit beim Steinkauz ( Athena noctua ) in Dänemark

Überlebensraten sind ein grundlegender Bestandteil der Populationsdynamik. Deshalb ist die Untersuchung der Schwankungen von Überlebensraten sowie der diese Raten beeinflussenden Faktoren für das Verständnis von Schwankungen der Populationsgrößen von besonderer Bedeutung. In Dänemark hängt der Steinkauz (Athena noctua) sehr von den vom Menschen veränderten Landschaften ab, sein Vorkommen geht rasch zurück, und er könnte schon bald vor dem Aussterben stehen. Letztendlich hängt das Überleben der Population davon ab, wie viele unabhängige Jungtiere überleben; aber auch eine geringere Überlebensrate der Adulten könnte möglicherweise zum beobachteten Rückgang dieser Art führen. Für die Untersuchung der Ursachen der derzeitigen Überlebensraten schätzten wir die alters- und saisonspezifischen Überlebensraten sowie die Sterblichkeit dänischer Steinkäuze anhand von beringten Vögeln (1920–2002), von mit Sendern versehenen Adulten und Jungvögeln (2005–2008) und anhand von Nestuntersuchungen zwischen 2006 und 2008. Wir schätzen, dass aus 32 % aller Eier Junge schlüpfen und jedenfalls zwei Wochen (das Alter der Beringung) überleben, wie auch 47 % aller geschlüpften Vögel von der Beringung bis zum Flüggewerden. Von den mit Sendern versehenen Jungvögeln überlebten 55 % bis zum Ausfliegen. Das heißt, die Überlebensrate insgesamt betrug vom Ei bis zum Ausfliegen der Jungvögel 8 %. Die Kombination der Ringfunddaten mit denen des radio-tracking zeigte für das erste Lebensjahr eine nur etwas, für die ersten drei Lebensmonate aber eine wesentlich niedrigere Überlebensrate. Außerdem wiesen die Analysen darauf hin, daß für die Ringfunde 1920–2002 die Überlebensrate in den Wintermonaten geringer war, aber nicht für die von 2005 bis 2008 mit Sendern versehenen Tiere; diese zeigten während der Brutzeiten die höchsten Sterblichkeitsraten. Bei den Adulten und ausgeflogenen Jungtieren mit Sendern waren Unfälle an Gebäuden und anderen von Menschen gemachten Strukturen für zwei Drittel aller Todesfälle verantwortlich. Anthropogene Habitate beinhalten derzeit Nist- und Ruheplätze für die letzten dänischen Steinkäuze, und die damit zusammenhängenden Unfalltode tragen vermutlich in gewissem Grad zur derzeitigen negativen Wachstumsrate dieser Population bei.

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Acknowledgments

The study was funded by the Villum Kann Rasmussen Foundation.

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Correspondence to Kasper Thorup.

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Communicated by P. H. Becker.

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Thorup, K., Pedersen, D., Sunde, P. et al. Seasonal survival rates and causes of mortality of Little Owls in Denmark. J Ornithol 154, 183–190 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-012-0885-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-012-0885-4

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