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Comparative analysis reveals a possible immunity-related absence of blood parasites in Common Gulls (Larus canus) and Black-headed Gulls (Chroicocephalus ridibundus)

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Abstract

Blood parasites often incur a substantial fitness cost to the infected individuals, sometimes resulting in death of the host. Some bird species, however, are apparently free of blood parasites, presumably due to the lack of exposure to blood parasite vectors. Protective immunity may be also responsible for the absence of infections by haematozoa. In this study, we tested the presence of blood parasites in Common Gulls (Larus canus) and Black-headed Gulls (Chroicocephalus ridibundus) nesting in environments with varying vector exposure. We failed to find blood parasites in Common Gulls irrespective of vector exposure, whereas infection rates of Black-headed Gulls were generally very low. We propose that the absence of haematozoa and low prevalence of blood parasites in these species of gulls is probably not a function of vector exposure and suggest alternative explanations such as enhanced immunity.

Zusammenfassung

Vergleichende Analysen zeigen eine möglicherweise mit dem Immunsystem zusammenhängende Abwesenheit von Blutparasiten bei Sturmmöwen ( Larus canus ) und Lachmöwen ( Chroicocephalus ridibundus )

Blutparasiten bedingen oft substantielle Fitness-Aufwendungen für die betroffenen Individuen, die nicht selten zum Tod des Wirts führen. Manche Vogelarten sind jedoch offensichtlich frei von Blutparasiten, vermutlich deshalb, weil sie deren Überträgern nicht ausgesetzt sind. Diese Art von schützender Immunität ist wahrscheinlich auch dafür verantwortlich, dass es bei ihnen keine durch Hämatozoen bedingte Infektionen gibt. In unserer Studie untersuchten wir das Vorhandensein von Blutparasiten bei Sturm- und Lachmöwen, die ihre Nester in Umgebungen gebaut hatten, in denen sie in unterschiedlicher Weise einer möglichen Übertragung der Parasiten ausgesetzt waren. Unabhängig davon, wie sehr sie einer möglichen Übertragung ausgesetzt waren, konnten wir bei den Sturmmöwen gar keine Blutparasiten nachweisen, und bei den Lachmöwen war die Infektionsrate durchweg sehr niedrig. Wir vermuten deshalb, dass bei diesen Vogelarten das Fehlen von Hämatozoen und die geringe Verbreitung von Blutparasiten nicht davon abhängen, ob und wie sehr sie den Überträgern ausgesetzt sind. Stattdessen vermuten wir hier andere Erklärungen wie z. B. ein stärkeres Immunsystem.

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by Science Council of Latvia (I.K., T.K.). Financial support was also granted by Estonian Science Foundation grant ETF7190 (K.R., L.S.) and Estonian Ministry of Education and Science through target-financing projects SF0180005s10 and SF0180004s09 and by the EU through the European Regional Development Fund (Center of Excellence Frontiers in Biodiversity Research), and the Academy of Finland (M.J.R., I.K.). We thank Jolanta Vrublevska and Inese Kivleniece for valuable comments.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 51014, Tartu, Estonia

    Indrikis Krams & Lauri Saks

  2. Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, Riga, 1076, Latvia

    Valērija Suraka & Dina Cīrule

  3. Institute of Systematic Biology, University of Daugavpils, Daugavpils, 5401, Latvia

    Valērija Suraka, Tatjana Krama & Dina Cīrule

  4. Department of Zoology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014, Tartu, Estonia

    Kalev Rattiste

  5. Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405-7005, USA

    Mikus Āboliņš-Ābols

  6. Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20024, Turku, Finland

    Markus J. Rantala

  7. Department of Environmental Policy, Mykolas Romeris University, 08303, Vilnius, Lithuania

    Pranas Mierauskas

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  1. Indrikis Krams
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Krams, I., Suraka, V., Rattiste, K. et al. Comparative analysis reveals a possible immunity-related absence of blood parasites in Common Gulls (Larus canus) and Black-headed Gulls (Chroicocephalus ridibundus). J Ornithol 153, 1245–1252 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-012-0859-6

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