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Removal of nitrogen from wastewaters by anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) using granules in upflow reactors

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Abstract

Nitrogen pollution of waters has sometimes caused severe eutrophication, leading to the death of fishes and most aquatic life. There is therefore a need for efficient and cost-effective methods to remove nitrogen from ammonium-rich wastewaters. Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) is a promising process to remove nitrogen because this process directly oxidizes ammonium (NH4 +) to dinitrogen gas (N2) under anoxic condition. Nonetheless, a challenge of this process is that chemolithoautotrophic Anammox bacteria grow slowly at the beginning, thus resulting in low Anammox biomass and instability of reactors. Such issues can be overcome by granulation of the Anammox sludge. Here, we review the characteristics of the Anammox bacteria, and the formation, structure and flotation of Anammox granules under high hydraulic loadings. We also evaluate the performances of full-scale granular Anammox processes. The major points are: 1) Anammox bacteria secrete a large amount of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), up to 415 mg g−1 of volatile suspended solids (VSS), containing many hydrophobic functional groups that facilitate biomass granulation. 2) Granulation enhances the sludge settling property and retention time, which contributes to the extremely high nitrogen removal rate of 77 kg m−3 d−1 of Anammox upflow reactors. 3) Flotation of Anammox granules frequently occurs under nitrogen removal rate higher than 10 kg m−3 d−1, which is mainly due to the overproduction of EPS under high hydraulic conditions.

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Acknowledgements

Financial support of this work by the National Natural Science Foundations of China (51674305, 51204213) is gratefully acknowledged.

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  1. Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China

    Chong-Jian Tang, Cheng-Shan Duan, Cheng Yu, Yu-Xia Song, Li-Yuan Chai, Ruiyang Xiao & Xiao-Bo Min

  2. Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control and Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution (CNERC–CTHP), Changsha, 410083, China

    Chong-Jian Tang, Cheng-Shan Duan, Cheng Yu, Yu-Xia Song, Li-Yuan Chai, Ruiyang Xiao & Xiao-Bo Min

  3. Grand Water Research Institute – Rabin Desalination Laboratory, Wolfson Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, 32000, Haifa, Israel

    Zongsu Wei

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  1. Chong-Jian Tang
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Tang, CJ., Duan, CS., Yu, C. et al. Removal of nitrogen from wastewaters by anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) using granules in upflow reactors. Environ Chem Lett 15, 311–328 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-017-0607-5

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