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Arsenic Geochemistry of Acid Mine Drainage

Arsen-Geochemie von Acid Mine Drainage

Arsénico Geoquímica de drenaje ácido de minas

酸性废水中砷的地球化学特性

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Abstract

Due to geochemical similarity between arsenic and sulphur, polymetallic sulphide deposits and pyrite/arsenopyrite-bearing coal beds often contain exceptionally high concentrations of arsenic. Arsenic release from mine waste occurs after oxidative dissolution of sulphide minerals. Both arsenite and arsenate forms coexist in many mine drainage localities, with the latter oxidation state more common. The rate of arsenite oxidation to arsenate in such environments is mostly controlled by the availability of oxygen and arsenic-oxidizing microbes. Most released arsenic gets naturally attenuated within few meters downstream by adsorption and co-precipitation; amorphous precipitates such as schwertmannite or hydrous ferric oxides are better sinks than crystalline counterparts, such as goethite and jarosite. Because arsenate has a stronger affinity than arsenite for sorbents at acidic pH, arsenate-dominated mine water often contains lower levels of arsenic than arsenite-dominated mine water. Secondary mineral precipitation is largely controlled by distribution of acid-neutralizing minerals, such as carbonates and aluminosilicates. In addition to natural attenuation, active and passive treatment of mine water can lower arsenic levels to meet legal limits.

Zusammenfassung

Durch geochemische Ähnlichkeit zwischen Arsen und Schwefel, polymetallischen Sulfidlagerstätten und Pyrit/Arsenopyrit-Lager Kohleflözen enthalten oft besonders hohe Konzentrationen von Arsen. Arsenfreisetzung aus Abraum tritt nach der oxidativen Auflösung des Sulfidmineralien. Beide Arsenit und Arsenat Formen nebeneinander existieren in vielen Mine Drainage Ortschaften, wobei letztere Oxidationszustand häufiger. Die Rate der Oxidation Arsenit in solchen Umgebungen Arsenat wird hauptsächlich durch die Verfügbarkeit von Sauerstoff und Arsen oxidierenden Mikroorganismen gesteuert. Die meisten Arsen freigesetzt wird natürlich nur wenige Meter stromabwärts durch Adsorption und Co-Fällung abgeschwächt; amorphe Niederschläge wie Schwertmannit oder wasserhaltigen Eisenoxiden sind besser als kristalline Waschbecken Kollegen, wie Goethit und Jarosit. Da Arsenat eine stärkere Affinität als Sorptionsmittel für Arsenit bei saurem pH-Wert, enthält Arsenat-dominierten Grubenwasser oft niedriger Werte von Arsen als Arsenit dominierten Grubenwasser. Sekundär Mineralpräzipitation wird weitgehend durch Verteilung von Säure-neutralisierenden Mineralien, wie Carbonate und Alumosilikate gesteuert. Zusätzlich zu den natürlichen Dämpfung, aktive und passive Behandlung der Grubenwasserspiegel senken kann Arsen gesetzlichen Grenzen zu treffen.

Resumen

Debido a la similitud entre la geoquímica arsénico y azufre, los depósitos de sulfuros polimetálicos y pirita/yacimientos de carbón arsenopirita soportan a menudo contienen concentraciones excepcionalmente altas de arsénico. Liberación de arsénico de los desechos mineros se produce después de la disolución oxidativa de minerales de sulfuro. Ambas formas arsenito y arseniato coexisten en muchas localidades de drenaje de minas, con el estado de oxidación último más común. La tasa de oxidación de arsenito a arseniato en tales entornos es controlado principalmente por la disponibilidad de oxígeno y microbios de arsénico-oxidante. Arsénico más liberado se atenúa de forma natural dentro de pocos metros aguas abajo por adsorción y coprecipitación; precipitados amorfos tales como schwertmannita o óxidos férricos hidratados son mejores que los sumideros homólogos cristalinos, tales como goetita y jarosita. Debido a que el arseniato tiene una afinidad más fuerte que el arsenito de sorbentes a pH ácido, agua de la mina arseniato dominada a menudo contiene niveles bajos de arsénico que el agua de minas arsenito dominada. Precipitación mineral secundario está controlado en gran parte por la distribución de los minerales que neutralizan el ácido, tales como carbonatos y aluminosilicatos. Además de la atenuación natural, activo y pasivo de tratamiento de agua de mina puede reducir los niveles de arsénico para cumplir con los límites legales.

抽象

由于砷和硫的地球化学性质相似,含有多金属硫化物沉积物和黄铁矿/毒砂的煤层也常富有异常高的砷元素。硫化物氧化、溶解之后,砷也便从煤矿的废弃矸石中释出。亚砷酸盐和砷酸盐在许多矿井废水中共存,且砷酸盐多呈氧化态。亚砷酸盐氧化为砷酸盐的速度主要受含氧量和砷氧化细菌控制。由于吸附和共同沉淀作用,释放出的砷在下游几米范围内已经明显自然衰减。施氏矿或水合氧化铁等非晶质沉淀是比针铁矿、黄钾铁矾等晶状矿物更好的吸沉场所。在酸性水环境中,砷酸盐比亚砷酸盐对吸着剂具有更好的亲和能力,砷酸盐为主的矿井废水比亚砷酸盐为主的矿井废水的砷含量更低。次生矿物沉淀主要受碳酸盐、铝硅酸盐等酸中和矿物控制。除自然衰减小作用外,矿井废水主动处理与被动处理能够进一步将砷含量降至满足水质规范要求。

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    Susanta Paikaray

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Paikaray, S. Arsenic Geochemistry of Acid Mine Drainage. Mine Water Environ 34, 181–196 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-014-0286-4

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