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The fate of submarine fresh groundwater reservoirs at the New Jersey shelf, USA

Devenir de nappes d’eaux douces sous-marines, au niveau du plateau continental du New Jersey, Etats-Unis d’Amérique

El destino de los reservorios submarinos de agua subterránea dulce en la plataforma de Nueva Jersey, EEUU

美国新泽西州陆架海底地下淡水库的传输

O destino dos reservatórios subterrâneos de água doce submarinos na plataforma de Nova Jersey, EUA

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Abstract

The existence of submarine fresh groundwater has been recorded at continental shelves worldwide. The dynamic preservation and lifetime of fresh groundwater in the offshore environment remains an open hydrogeological problem. The mechanisms and time scales of fresh groundwater preservation are examined using numerical simulations based on a geologically representative model of the New Jersey shelf, USA. Utilizing two-dimensional depth-migrated seismic and well data, a detailed hydrogeological model is built, with a vertical resolution of 10 m. The model captures the highly heterogeneous shelf environment and accounts for porosity compaction trends derived from core data. The results show transient coupled simulations of groundwater flow and heat and salt transport from the late Pleistocene until present day and projected 18,000 years into the future. They reveal freshwater preservation patterns and yield simulated borehole salinity profiles broadly consistent with field observations. The simulations show that freshwater intervals of a thickness of 200–300 m and lateral extent of tens of kilometers may have been preserved from the Last Glacial Maximum until today. It was found that approximately 30–45% of the initial freshwater volume remains preserved after 12,000 years, depending on the recharge boundary condition. The preserved volume ranges between 15 and 30% after 30,000 years. These results improve the understanding of submarine preservation of fresh groundwater through an interdisciplinary approach which integrates seismic imaging, hydrogeological modeling and high-performance numerical simulation.

Résumé

L’existence d’eaux souterraines douces sous-marines a été répertoriée dans le monde entier au droit des plateaux continentaux. La préservation dynamique et la durée de vie de ces eaux souterraines douces dans l’environnement proche du littoral reste une problématique hydrogéologique ouverte. Les mécanismes et les échelles de temps de préservation des eaux souterraines douces sont étudiés en utilisant des simulations numériques basées sur un modèle géologique représentatif du plateau continental du New Jersey, Etats-Unis d’Amérique. En utilisant des données de profils sismiques et de forages, un modèle hydrogéologique détaillé a été établi, avec une résolution verticale de 10 m. Le modèle traduit bien la forte hétérogénéité de l’environnement du plateau continental et prend en compte les tendances d’évolution de la porosité, dérivées des données des carottes de forages. Les résultats montrent des simulations transitoires couplées des écoulements d’eau souterraine et de transport de chaleur et de sel, depuis le Pléistocène tardif jusqu’à la période actuelle, et fait des projections pour les 18,000 ans à venir. Ils révèlent des schémas de préservation de l’eau douce et fournissent des profils simulés de salinité en forage largement conformes aux observations de terrain. Les simulations montrent que des intervalles d’eau douce d’une épaisseur de 200 à 300 m, et d’une extension latérale de dizaines de kilomètres, auraient été préservées depuis le dernier maximum glaciaire jusqu’à aujourd’hui. Il a été mis en évidence qu’environ 30 à 45% du volume d’eau douce initial est resté préservé après 12,000 ans, en fonction des conditions de recharge aux limites. Le volume préservé se situe entre 15 et 30% après 30,000 ans. Ces résultats améliorent la compréhension de la préservation sous-marine des eaux souterraines douces grâce à une approche interdisciplinaire intégrant l’imagerie sismique, la modélisation hydrogéologique et la simulation numérique à haute performance.

Resumen

La existencia de agua dulce subterránea submarina se ha registrado en las plataformas continentales de todo el mundo. La preservación dinámica y la vida útil de las aguas subterráneas dulces en el medio marino sigue siendo un problema hidrogeológico abierto. Los mecanismos y escalas de tiempo de la preservación de las aguas subterráneas dulces se examinan mediante simulaciones numéricas basadas en un modelo geológicamente representativo de la plataforma de Nueva Jersey, Estados Unidos. Utilizando datos de sísmica bidimensional profunda y de pozos, se construye un modelo hidrogeológico detallado, con una resolución vertical de 10 m. El modelo captura el ambiente altamente heterogéneo de la plataforma y toma en cuenta las tendencias de compactación de la porosidad derivadas de los datos centrales. Los resultados muestran simulaciones acopladas de flujo transitorio de agua subterránea y transporte de calor y sal desde el Pleistoceno tardío hasta el presente y proyectadas para 18.000 años en el futuro. Los datos revelan patrones de preservación de agua dulce y producen perfiles de salinidad simulados de los pozos de sondeo que concuerdan ampliamente con las observaciones de campo. Las simulaciones muestran que los intervalos de agua dulce de un espesor de 200–300 m y la extensión lateral de decenas de kilómetros pueden haberse preservado desde el último máximo glaciar hasta hoy. Se encontró que aproximadamente el 30–45% del volumen inicial de agua dulce permanece preservado después de 12.000 años, dependiendo de la condición límite de recarga. El volumen conservado oscila entre el 15 y el 30% después de 30.000 años. Estos resultados mejoran la comprensión de la preservación submarina del agua subterránea dulce a través de un enfoque interdisciplinario que integra imágenes sísmicas, modelos hidrogeológicos y simulación numérica de alto rendimiento.

摘要

在全球大陆架有存在海底地下淡水的记录。近海环境中地下淡水的动态保存和年限仍然是公开的水文地质问题。使用基于美国新泽西州陆架的地质代表性模型的数值模拟研究了地下淡水保存的机制和时间尺度。利用二维偏移深度地震和井数据建立了垂直分辨率为10米的详细水文地质模型。该模型捕获了高度非均质陆架环境,并考虑了岩心数据导致的孔隙度压缩趋势。结果显示了从晚更新世到现在的地下水流、热和盐运输的非稳定耦合模型情况,并预计了未来18,000年。模型揭示了淡水保存的模式和给出了模拟的井盐度剖面,这些结果与现场观测基本一致。模拟结果表明了自末次冰期最大值到今以来,厚度为200–300米、横向范围为数十公里的淡水区被保留。结果发现在12,000年后大约30–45%的初始淡水量保持不变,这取决于补给边界条件。30,000年后保存的淡水体积在15%到30%之间。通过综合地震成像,水文地质模拟和高性能数值模拟的跨学科方法,这些结果提高了对海底地下水淡水保护的认识。

Resumo

A existência de águas doces subterrâneas submarinas foi registrada nas plataformas continentais em todo o mundo. A preservação dinâmica e a vida útil das águas doces subterrâneas no ambiente marítimo continua sendo um problema hidrogeológico em aberto. Os mecanismos e escalas temporais de preservação das águas subterrâneas são examinados usando simulações numéricas baseadas em um modelo geologicamente representativo da plataforma de Nova Jersey, EUA. Utilizando dados sísmicos e de dados bidimensionais de poços com variação de profundidade, é construído um modelo hidrogeológico detalhado, com uma resolução vertical de 10 m. O modelo registra o ambiente de plataforma continental altamente heterogêneo e considera as tendências de compactação de porosidade derivadas de dados essenciais. Os resultados mostram simulações acopladas transientes do fluxo de água subterrânea e transporte de calor e de sais do final do Pleistoceno até os dias atuais e projeções de 18,000 anos no futuro. Eles revelam padrões de preservação de água doce e produzem perfis de salinidade de poços simulados consistentes com as observações de campo. As simulações mostram ocorrência de água doce em uma espessura de intervalos de 200 a 300 m e uma extensão lateral de dezenas de quilômetros podem ter sido preservados do Último Máximo Glacial até hoje. Descobriu-se que aproximadamente 30–45% do volume inicial de água doce permanece preservado após 12,000 anos, dependendo da condição de limite de recarga. O volume preservado varia entre 15 e 30% após 30,000 anos. Estes resultados melhoram a compreensão da preservação submarina de água doce subterrânea através de uma abordagem interdisciplinar que integra imagens sísmicas, modelagem hidrogeológica e simulação numérica de alto desempenho.

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Acknowledgements

Simulations were performed with computing resources granted by RWTH Aachen University under project rwth0316. We would also like to thank the three anonymous reviewers and the editor for very constructive comments and suggestions that improved the content of this paper.

Funding

Funding for this project is provided by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) within the Priority Programme 527 – “International Ocean Discovery Program” (IODP) under grant RE-3863/2-1.

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Appendix: Verification of SHEMAT algorithm for density driven flow

Appendix: Verification of SHEMAT algorithm for density driven flow

Modified Henry problem

A verification of the density-driven flow algorithm in SHEMAT-Suite according to Simpson and Clement (2004) was performed. These authors proposed a modified Henry problem, as it is more sensitive to density-driven fluid flow compared to the previous version by Henry (1964). The position of the 50% Isochlor intersection point with the base of the aquifer can be used as a comparative metric to estimate the similarity between the SHEMAT-Suite solution and other implementations. Simpson and Clement (2004) report this intersection at 1.073 m. The position in the SHEMAT-Suite solution is 1.091 m (Fig. 12a), a discrepancy of less than 2%. Results therefore show that SHEMAT-Suite can accurately match the semi-analytical solution of Simpson and Clement’s (2004) benchmark problem in terms of reproducing the spatial distribution of salt concentration within the benchmark-specific model domain. In addition, the SHEMAT-Suite solutions were compared to the semi-analytical solutions for the modified Henry problem along five vertical profiles through the model domain. The comparison, plotted in Fig. 12b reveals a very close fit; thus, this code may be used confidently for the groundwater simulations offshore New Jersey.

Fig. 12
figure 12

a Numerical results of SHEMAT-Suite execution of modified Henry’s saltwater intrusion problem. b Comparison of SHEMAT–Suite solutions to the semi-analytic solutions of the modified Henry problem plotted along profiles i–v (see a for profiles)

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Thomas, A.T., Reiche, S., Riedel, M. et al. The fate of submarine fresh groundwater reservoirs at the New Jersey shelf, USA. Hydrogeol J 27, 2673–2694 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-019-01997-y

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