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Gold-telluride-sulfide association in the Sandaowanzi epithermal Au-Ag-Te deposit, NE China: implications for phase equilibrium and physicochemical conditions

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Abstract

The Sandaowanzi gold-telluride deposit, with a total reserve of  ≥ 25 t of Au and an average grade of 15 g/t, is located in the Great Hinggan Range Metallogenic Belt in NE China. This deposit is the first reported case of a dominantly Au (±Ag)-telluride deposit in this area and it reveals highly economic bonanza Au- and Ag-telluride ores. Ore bodies principally occur in quartz veins and stockworks and minor in disseminations hosted by trachyandesites and andesitic breccias. Four paragenetic stages of mineralization are identified, demonstrating an early deposition of sulfides and subsequent precipitation of tellurides, which are mainly composed by petzite, sylvanite and to a lesser extent, hessite, calaverite, altaite, unnamed telluride (Au1.8Ag0.2Te), krennerite, empressite, stützite and coloradoite. Abundant telluride assemblages identified from Sandaowanzi ores are mostly attributed to breakdown of early tellurium-bearing phases (i.e., γ- and χ-phases) during cooling. The deposition of substantial Au-Ag-Te minerals are constructed under physicochemical conditions of T = 240 to 280 °C, pH = 4.39 to 5.64, logfO2 =–44.8 to –41.8, logfTe2 =–9.75 to –9.43, logαAu+ (aq)/αAg+ (aq) = −6.87 to –6.56, and gold is mostly scavenged from a HTe−-dominant ore-forming fluid. The unusually high Te concentrations in the Sandaowanzi epithermal system are likely attributed to alkaline to calc-alkaline magmatic degassing.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Dr. Voudouris P. and Ciobanu C.L. for their careful reviews, critical and constructive comments, which significantly improved the early version of this manuscript. Thanks are also given to the journal AE Dr. Anton Beran for his guidance during revisions. We are indebted to Jun Lu and Qibin Zhang for their field assistance and Zhenyu Chen for his help with EPMA analysis. This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants 40973035, 41173062, 41030423), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (Grant 20130022110001), the Chinese “111” project (Grant B07011) and a scholarship from China Scholarship Council for Degao Zhai to visit Indiana University-Bloomington during 2013–2014.

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  1. State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China

    Degao Zhai & Jiajun Liu

  2. School of Earth Science and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China

    Degao Zhai & Jiajun Liu

  3. Department of Geological Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA

    Degao Zhai

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Zhai, D., Liu, J. Gold-telluride-sulfide association in the Sandaowanzi epithermal Au-Ag-Te deposit, NE China: implications for phase equilibrium and physicochemical conditions. Miner Petrol 108, 853–871 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00710-014-0334-6

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