Abstract
The current study is aimed to study cytotoxicity and oxidative stress mediated changes induced by copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) in Chinook salmon cells (CHSE-214). To this end, a number of biochemical responses are evaluated in CHSE-214 cells which are as follows [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide] MTT, neutral red uptake (NRU), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), protein carbonyl (PC), lipid peroxidation (LPO), oxidised glutathione (GSSG), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione sulfo-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), 8-Hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), respectively. The 50 % inhibition concentration (IC50) of CuO NPs to CHSE-214 cells after 24 h exposure was found to be 19.026 μg ml−1. Viability of cells was reduced by CuO NPs, and the decrease was dose dependent as revealed by the MTT and NRU assay. CHSE-214 cells exposed to CuO NPs induced morphological changes. Initially, cells started to detach from the surface (12 h), followed by polyhedric, fusiform appearance (19 h) and finally the cells started to shrink. Later, the cells started losing their cellular contents leading to their death only after 24 h. LDH, PC, LPO, GSH, GPx, GST, SOD, CAT, 8-OHdG and ROS responses were seen significantly increased with the increase in the concentration of CuO NPs when compared to their respective controls. However, significant decrease in GSSG was perceptible in CHSE-214 cells exposed to CuO NPs in a dose-dependent manner. Our data demonstrated that CuO NPs induced cytotoxicity in CHSE-214 cells through the mediation of oxidative stress. The current study provides a baseline for the CuO NPs-mediated cytotoxic assessment in CHSE-214 cells for the future studies.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aebi H (1984) Catalase. Methods Enzymol 2:673–684
Ahamed M, Siddiqui MA, Akhtar MJ, Ahmad I, Pant AB, Alhadlaq HA (2010) Genotoxic potential of copper oxide nanoparticles in human lung epithelial cells. Biochem Biophy Res Comm 396:578–583
Ahamed M, Akhtar MJ, Siddiqui MA, Ahmad J, Musarrat J, Al-Khedhairy AA, AlSalhi MS, Alrokayan SA (2011) Oxidative stress mediated apoptosis induced by nickel ferrite nanoparticles in cultured A549 cells. Toxicology 283:101–108
Alarifi S, Ali D, Verma A, Alakhtani S, Ali BA (2013) Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of copper oxide nanoparticles in human skin keratinocytes cells. Int J Toxicol 32(4):296–307
Al-Bairuty GA, Shaw BJ, Handy RD, Henry TB (2013) Histopathological effects of waterborne copper nanoparticles and copper sulphate on the organs of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquat Toxicol 126:104–115
Anjum NA, Srikanth K, Mohmood I, Sayeed I, Trindade T, Duarte AC, Pereira E, Ahmad I (2014) Brain glutathione redox system significance for the control of silica-coated magnetite nanoparticles with or without mercury co-exposures mediated oxidative stress in European eel (Anguilla anguilla L.). Environ Sci Pollut Res 12:7746–7756
Aruoma OI, Halliwell B, Gajewski E, Dizdaroglu M (1991) Copper-iondependent damage to the bases in DNA in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Biochem J 273:601–604
Berntsen P, Park CY, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Tsuda A, Sager TM, Molina RM, Donaghey TC, Alencar AM, Kasahara DI, Ericsson T, Millet EJ, Swenson J, Tschumperlin DJ, Butler JP, Brain JD, Fredberg JJ, Gehr P, Zhou EH (2010) Biomechanical effects of environmental and engineered particles on human airway smooth muscle cells. J R Soc Interface 7:S331–S340
Beutler E (1984) A manual of biochemical methods. Grune and Stratlon, Orlando, pp 74–76
Borenfreund E, Puerner JA (1985) A simple quantitative procedure using monolayer cultures for cytotoxicity assays (HTD/NR-90). J Tissue Cult Methods 9:7–9
Castano A, Vega M, Tarazona J (1995) Acute toxicity of selected metals and phenols on RTG-2 and CHSE-214 fish cell lines. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 55:222–229
Chang H, Jwo CS, Lo CH, Tsung TT, Kao MJ, Lin HM (2005) Rheology of CuO nanoparticle suspension prepared by ASNSS. Rev Adv Mater Sci 10:128–132
Chen Z, Meng H, Yuan H, Xing G, Chen C, Zhao F, Wang Y, Zhang C, Zhao Y (2007) Identification of target organs of copper nanoparticles with ICPMS technique. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 272:599–603
Chio CP, Chen WY, Chou WC, Hsieh NH, Ling MP, Liao CM (2012) Assessing the potential risks to zebrafish posed by environmentally relevant copper and silver nanoparticles. Sci Total Environ 420:111–118
Davoren M, Fogarty AM (2006) In vitro cytotoxicity assessment of the biocidal agents sodium phenylphenol, sodiumbenzyl-chlorophenol, and sodium-tertiary amylphenol using established fish cell lines. Toxicol in Vitro 20:1190–1201
DeWitte-Orr S, Bols N (2005) Gliotoxin-induced cytotoxicity in three salmonid cell lines: Cell death by apoptosis and necrosis. Comp Biochem Physiol Part C: Toxicol Pharmacol 141:157–167
Fahmy B, Cormier SA (2009) Copper oxide nanoparticles induce oxidative stress and cytotoxicity in airway epithelial cells. Toxicol In Vitro 23:1365–1371
Fairey ER, Edmunds J, Deamer-Melia NJ, Glasgow H Jr, Johnson FM, Moeller PR, Burkholder J, Ramsdell JS (1999) Reporter gene assay for fish-killing activity produced by Pfiesteria piscicida. Environ Health Perspect 107:711
Farkas J, Christian P, Gallego-Urrea JA, Roos N, Hassellöv M, Tollefsen KE, Thomas KV (2011) Uptake and effects of manufactured silver nanoparticles in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) gill cells. Aquat Toxicol 101:117–125
Farkas J, Christian P, Urrea JA, Roos N, Hassellöv M, Tollefsen KE, Thomas KV (2010) Effects of silver and gold nanoparticles on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatocytes. Aquat Toxicol 96:44–52
Farré M, Gajda-Schrantz K, Kantiani L, Barceló D (2009) Ecotoxicity and analysis of nanomaterials in the aquatic environment. Anal Bioanal Chem 393(1):81–95
Gomes T, Pereira CG, Cardoso C, Pinheiro JP, Cancio I, Bebianno MJ (2012) Accumulation and toxicity of copper oxide nanoparticles in the digestive gland of Mytilus galloprovincialis. Aquat Toxicol 118–119:72–79
Gomes T, Pinheiro JP, Cancio I, Pereira CG, Cardoso C, Bebianno MJ (2011) Effects of copper nanoparticles exposure in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Environ Sci Technol 21:9356–9362
Griffitt RJ, Weil R, Hyndman KA, Denslow ND, Powers K, Taylor D, Barber DS (2007) Exposure to copper nanoparticles causes gill injury and acute lethality in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Environ Sci Technol 41:8178–8186
Habig WH, Pabst MJ, Jakoby WB (1974) Glutathione-S-transferase. The first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation. J Biol Chem 249:7130–7139
Hu W, Culloty S, Darmody G, Lynch S, Davenport J, Ramirez-Garcia S, Dawson KA, Lynch I, Blasco J, Sheehan D (2014) Toxicity of copper oxide nanoparticles in the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis: a redox proteomic investigation. Chemosphere 108:288–299
Kamei Y, Aoki M (2007) A chlorophyll c2 analogue from the marine brown alga Eisenia bicyclis inactivates the infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus, a fish rhabdovirus. Arch Virol 152:861–869
Karlsson HL, Cronholm P, Gustafsson J, Möller L (2008) Copper oxide nanoparticles are highly toxic: a comparison between metal oxide nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes. Chem Res Toxicol 21:1726–1732
Karlsson HL, Cronholm P, Hedberg Y, Tornberg M, De Battice L, Svedhem S, Wallinder IO (2013) Cell membrane damage and protein interaction induced by copper containing nanoparticles--importance of the metal release process. Toxicology 313:59–69
Kono Y (1978) Generation of superoxide radical during auto-oxidation of hydroxylamine and an assay for superoxide dismutase. Arch Biochem Biophys 186:189–195
Levine RL (1994) Carbonyl assays for determination of oxidatively modified proteins. Methods Enzymol 233:346–357
Linder MC (2001) Copper and genomic stability in mammals. Mutat Res Fundam Mol Mech Mutagen 475:141–152
Marroquí L, Estepa A, Perez L (2008) Inhibitory effect of mycophenolic acid on the replication of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus. Antivir Res 80:332–338
Midander K, Cronholm P, Karlsson HL, Elihn K, Möller L, Leygraf C, Wallinder IO (2009) Surface characteristics, copper release, and toxicity of nano- and micrometer-sized copper and copper (II) oxide particles: a cross disciplinary study. Small 5:389–399
Mori M, Wakabayashi M (2000) Cytotoxicity evaluation of chemicals using cultured fish cells. Water Sci Technol 42:277–282
Mossman T (1983) Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: Application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J Immunol Methods 65:55–63
Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K (1979) Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochem 95:351–358
Ooi EL, Verjan N, Hirono I, Nochi T, Kondo H, Aoki T, Kiyono H, Yuki Y (2008) Biological characterisation of a recombinant Atlantic salmon type I interferon synthesized in Escherichia coli. Fish Shellfish Immunol 24:506–513
Radu M, Munteanu MC, Petrache S, Serban AI, Dinu D, Hermenean A, Sima C, Dinischiotu A (2010) Depletion of intracellular glutathione and increased lipid peroxidation mediate cytotoxicity of hematite nanoparticles in MRC-5 cells. Acta Biochim Pol 57:355–360
Rosenkranz P, Fernández-Cruz ML, Conde E, Ramírez-Fernández MB, Flores JC, Fernández M, Navas JM (2012) Effects of cerium oxide nanoparticles to fish and mammalian cell lines: an assessment of cytotoxicity and methodology. Toxicol In Vitro 26:888–896
Sayes CM, Reed KL, Warheit DB (2007) Assessing toxicity of fine and nanoparticles: comparing in vitro measurements to in vivo pulmonary toxicity profiles. Toxicol Sci 97:163–180
Semisch A, Ohle J, Witt B, Hartwig A (2014) Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of nano – and microparticulate copper oxide: role of solubility and intracellular bioavailability. Part Fibre Toxicol 11:10
Shaw BJ, Al-Bairuty G, Handy RD (2012) Effects of waterborne copper nanoparticles and copper sulphate on rainbow trout,(Oncorhynchus mykiss): physiology and accumulation. Aquat Toxicol 116:90–101
Siddiqui MA, Alhadlaq HA, Ahmad J, Al-Khedhairy AA, Musarrat J, Ahamed M (2013) Copper oxide nanoparticles induced mitochondria mediated apoptosis in human hepatocarcinoma cells. PLoS ONE 8:e69534
Skjelbred B, Horsberg TE, Tollefsen KE, Andersen T, Edvardsen B (2011) Toxicity of the ichthyotoxic marine flagellate Pseudochattonella (Dictyochophyceae, Heterokonta) assessed by six bioassays. Harmful Algae 10:144–154
Skocaj M, Filipic M, Petkovic J, Novak S (2011) Titanium dioxide in our everyday life; is it safe? Radiol Oncol 45:227–247
Srikanth K, Ahmad I, Rao JV, Trindade T, Duarte AC, Pereira E (2014) Modulation of glutathione and its dependent enzymes in gill cells of Anguilla anguilla exposed to silica coated iron oxide nanoparticles with or without mercury co-exposure under in vitro condition. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 162:7–14
Tedesco S, Doyle H, Blasco J, Redmond G, Sheehan D (2010) Oxidative stress and toxicity of gold nanoparticles in Mytilus edulis. Aquat Toxicol 100:178–196
Tietze F (1969) Enzymic method for quantitative determination of nanogram amounts of total and oxidized glutathione: Applications to mammalian blood and other tissues. Anal Biochem 27:502–522
Wang Z, Li N, Zhao J, White JC, Qu P, Xing B (2012) CuO nanoparticle interaction with human epithelial cells: Cellular uptake, location, export, and genotoxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 25:1512–1521
Wang H, Joseph JA (1999) Quantifying cellular oxidative stress by dichlorofluorescin assay using microplate reader. Free Radic Biol Med 27:612–616
Watanabe M, Yoneda M, Morohashi A, Hori Y, Okamoto D, Sato A, Kurioka D, Nittami T, Hirokawa Y, Shiraishi T, Kawai K, Kasai H, Totsuka Y (2013) Effects of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles on A549 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 14:15546–15560
Winterbourn C (2008) Reconciling the chemistry and biology of reactive oxygen species. Nat Chem Biol 4:278–286
Xiong W, Fang T, Yu L, Sima X, Zhu W (2011) Effects of nano-scale TiO2, ZnO and their bulk counterparts on zebrafish: Acute toxicity, oxidative stress and oxidative damage. Sci Total Environ 409:1444–1452
Yang H, Liu C, Yang D, Zhang H, Xi Z (2009) Comparative study of cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and genotoxicity induced by four typical nanomaterials: the role of particle size, shape and composition. J Appl Toxicol 29:69–78
Zhou K, Wang R, Xu B, Li Y (2006) Synthesis, characterization and catalytic properties of CuO nanocrystals with various shapes. Nanotechnology 17:3939–3943
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Government of India for financial assistance, and also thankful to the Director, IICT for providing the facilities and his constant encouragement. The author KS is thankful to CSIR (Govt. Of India) and also to Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) for the grant (SFRH/BPD/79490/2011).
Conflict of interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Handling Editor: Reimer Stick
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Srikanth, K., Pereira, E., Duarte, A.C. et al. Evaluation of cytotoxicity, morphological alterations and oxidative stress in Chinook salmon cells exposed to copper oxide nanoparticles. Protoplasma 253, 873–884 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-015-0849-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-015-0849-7