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White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection in shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) exposed to low and high salinity

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Abstract

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) has a worldwide distribution and is considered one of the most pathogenic and devastating viruses to the shrimp industry. A few studies have explored the effect of WSSV on shrimp acclimated to low (5 practical salinity units [psu]) or high (>40 psu) salinity conditions. In this work, we analysed the physiological response of WSSV-infected Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles that were acclimated to different salinities (5, 15, 28, 34 and 54 psu). We evaluated the osmotic response and survival of the shrimp at different times after infection (0 to 48 hours), and we followed the expression levels of a viral gene (vp664) in shrimp haemolymph using real-time PCR. Our results indicate that the susceptibility of the shrimp to the virus increased at extreme salinities (5 and 54 psu), with higher survival rates at 15 and 28 psu, which were closer to the iso-osmotic point (24.7 psu, 727.5 mOsmol/kg). Acute exposure to the virus made the haemolymph less hyperosmotic at 5 and 15 psu and less hypo-osmotic at higher salinities (>28 psu). The capacity of white shrimp to osmoregulate, and thus survive, significantly decreased following WSSV infection. According to our results, extreme salinities (5 or 54 psu) are more harmful than seawater.

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Acknowledgments

This project was funded by PROMEP 130.5/08/3203, CONACyT-Ciencia básica I0110/194/09 and MSc grant 215469, which was allocated to SRC. We thank Oc Granados C., Yepiz R. and Gendrop V. for their technical assistance. We also thank Aquacultura Mahar and Vizomar for supplying the PLs and juveniles. Our gratitude is also due to an anonymous reviewer who greatly helped us to improve our manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular “Dr. Jorge De la Rosa Vélez”, Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Carr. Tij-Ens Km 103, AP 76, 22800, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico

    Santiago Ramos-Carreño, Ricardo Valencia-Yáñez & Ivone Giffard-Mena

  2. Laboratorio de Genética Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, 22800, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico

    Francisco Correa-Sandoval

  3. Instituto de Ecología, Universidad del Mar, Campus Puerto Escondido, 71980, Puerto Escondido, Oaxaca, Mexico

    Noé Ruíz-García

  4. Laboratorio de Ecofisiología de Organismos Acuáticos, Departamento de Biotecnología Marina, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, 22800, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico

    Fernando Díaz-Herrera

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  1. Santiago Ramos-Carreño
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  2. Ricardo Valencia-Yáñez
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Correspondence to Ivone Giffard-Mena.

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Ramos-Carreño, S., Valencia-Yáñez, R., Correa-Sandoval, F. et al. White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection in shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) exposed to low and high salinity. Arch Virol 159, 2213–2222 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-014-2052-0

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