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Structure, development and evolution of the androecium in Adansonieae (core Bombacoideae, Malvaceae s.l.)

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Abstract

Androecium development and vasculature were studied in nine species of the Adansonieae clade (core Bombacoideae, Malvaceae s.l.). In early androecium development either distinct pentagonal androecial ring walls or five common petal/androecium primordia are present. Ring walls give rise to five antepetalous and five alternipetalous primary androecial primordia. Common primordia divide into peripheral petal primordia and antepetalous primary androecial primordia. Antepetalous primary androecial primordia split anticlinally into ten primordia-halves, on which secondary androecial primordia are initiated in a centrifugal succession. Androecial lobes are formed by fusion of an alternipetalous primary androecial primordium and its two neighbouring antepetalous primary primordia-halves, a pattern that also occurs in other Malvatheca. Later, tertiary androecial primordia are formed by the subdivision of secondary androecial primordia (except in Adansonia and Ceiba). Each tertiary primordium differentiates into a two-locular androecial unit. At anthesis these two-locular androecial units are often present in pairs, corresponding to the two halves of the same secondary androecial primordium. Androecium development and vasculature imply that the alternipetalous androecial sectors have been reduced in Bombacoideae, a tendency that is shared with other subfamilies of Malvaceae.

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Acknowledgments

For valuable fixed plant material we would like to thank W. S. van Heel; L. Y. S. Aona; Sabah Agriculture Park, Tenom, Malaysia; Olbrich Botanic Gardens, Madison, WI, USA; Fairchild Tropical Garden, Coral Gables, FL, USA; Botanic Garden of the University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland and Palmengarten, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. We acknowledge the Laboratory of the Sect. Marine Evertebrates II, Senckenberg Research Institute in Frankfurt am Main and the BBPIC Laboratory of the University of Wisconsin, Madison for the use of the scanning electron microscopes. We thank Georg Zizka, Senckenberg Research Institute, Frankfurt am Main, and Matthias Jenny, Palmengarten, Frankfurt am Main for enabling access to laboratory and SEM. We are very grateful to Dieter Fiege and Marie Louise Tritz, Senckenberg Research Institute, Frankfurt am Main, for valuable aid and assistance on the SEM. For valuable comments on the manuscript we thank Ulrike Brunken. M. von Balthazar received financial support by grants from the National Science Foundation (NSF) to D. A. Baum (DEB 9876070; 0416096) and to W. S. Alverson (BSF-8800193) and by a postdoctoral fellowship from the Forschungskommission of the University of Zurich, Switzerland, and from the Swedish Research Council to E. M. Friis.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Palmengarten der Stadt Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    Heidrun Janka & Clemens Bayer

  2. Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    Heidrun Janka

  3. Department of Botany and Molecular Evolution, Senckenberg Research Institute, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    Heidrun Janka

  4. Department of Paleobotany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, 10405, Stockholm, Sweden

    Maria von Balthazar

  5. Environmental and Conservation Programs, The Field Museum, Chicago, IL, USA

    William S. Alverson

  6. Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA

    David A. Baum

  7. Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil

    João Semir

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  1. Heidrun Janka
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Correspondence to Heidrun Janka.

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Janka, H., von Balthazar, M., Alverson, W.S. et al. Structure, development and evolution of the androecium in Adansonieae (core Bombacoideae, Malvaceae s.l.). Plant Syst Evol 275, 69–91 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-008-0055-6

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