Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Landslide Caused Damages in a Gallery

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

On October 5th, 2010, cracks were found in a gallery 1.8 m high and 1.4 m wide. The gallery is 100 years old, runs parallel to a valley flank and was excavated in a tectonically strongly stressed, weathered and slightly dipping sandwich of clayey shales, sandstones and marls. The cracks in the roof as well as in the invert ran parallel to the axis of the gallery. Monitoring showed that crack widths were increasing 1.5 mm per year, sidewall distances were increasing 3.5 mm per year, whereas the height of the gallery was decreasing 2.5 mm per year. After eliminating several possible causes of cracking, a landslide producing the damages had to be taken into consideration. Monitoring of the valley flank surface as well as inclinometer readings revealed that a landslide was occurring, loading the gallery lining. Most probably the landslide had been reactivated by excessive rainfall in 2009 as well as by works for the renewal of a weir in the valley bottom. As stabilization of the slope was not an option for several reasons, it was decided to replace the gallery by a new one deeper inside the slope, which will be ready for operation in 2017. Thus the old gallery has to be kept in operation till then and it was decided to reinforce the old gallery by a heavily reinforced shotcrete lining 10 cm thick. As slope displacements went on, cracks in the shotcrete lining developed with a completely different pattern: in the section where the gallery lies completely in the landslide shear zone no cracks formed until now due to heavy reinforcement, whereas in the transition sections stable ground–landslide and landslide–stable ground diagonal tension cracks in the roof due to shear by the landslide developed. Numerical models showed that cracking and spalling of the shotcrete lining would occur only after some centimetres of additional displacements of the slope, which hopefully will not occur before 2017.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Barla G, Antolini F, Barla M, Mensi E, Piovano G (2010) Monitoring of the Beauregard landslide (Aosta Valley, Italy) using advanced and conventional techniques. Eng Geol 116:218–235

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baron I, Agliardi F, Ambrosi C, Crosta GB (2005) Numerical analysis of deep-seated mass movements in the Magura Nappe; Flysch Belt of the Western Carpathians (Czech Republic). Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 5:367–374

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cocchetti G, di Prisco C, Galli A, Nova R (2009a) Soil-pipeline interaction along unstable slopes: a coupled three-dimensional approach. Part 1: theoretical formulation. Can Geotech J 46:1289–1304

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cocchetti G, di Prisco C, Galli A (2009b) Soil-pipeline interaction along unstable slopes: a coupled three-dimensional approach. Part 2: numerical analyses. Can Geotech J 46:1305–1321

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cornforth DH (2012) Advances in investigation and analysis for soil landslides: three selected topics. In: Proc. 11th Int. Symposium on Landslides and Eng. Slopes, Banff 2012 pp 59–71

  • Crosta GB, di Prisco C, Frattini P, Frigerio G, Castellanza R, Agliardi F (2014) Chasing a complete understanding of the triggering mechanisms of a large rapidly evolving rockslide. Landslides 11:747–764

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dawson EM, Roth WH, Drescher A (1999) Slope stability analysis by strength reduction. Geotechnique 49(6):835–840

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deere DU, Miller RP (1966) Engineering classification and index properties for intact rock. Technical report No. AFWL-TR-65-116. University of Illinois. Urbana, Illinois

  • Donald IB, Giam SK (1988) Application of the Nodal Displacement Method to Slope Stability Analysis. In: Australia-New Zealand Conference on Geomechanics (1988: Sydney, N.S.W.). Fifth Australia-New Zealand Conference on Geomechanics: Prediction Versus Performance; Preprints of Papers. Barton, ACT: Institution of Engineers, Australia, 1988 pp 456–460

  • Eurocode 7 (2010) Geotechnical design. Part 1: General rules

  • Eurocode 2 (2011) Design of concrete structures. Part 1: General rules and rules for buildings

  • Fellenius W (1927) Erdstatische Berechnungen mit Reibung und Kohasion Adhasion und unter Annahme Kreiszylindrischer Gleitflachen. Ernst W, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Itasca (2011) FLAC—Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua, Version 7.0. Itasca Consulting Group, Inc. Minneapolis, Minnesota

  • Jiao Y-Y, Wang Z-H, Wang X-Z, Adoko AC, Yang Z-X (2013) Stability assessment of an ancient landslide crossed by two coal mine tunnels. Eng Geol 159:36–44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koettl R (2014) Results of inclinometer measurements. Unpublished report

  • Marinos P, Hoek E (2000) GSI: a geologically friendly tool for rock mass strength estimation. Proc. GeoEng2000 Conference, Melbourne pp 1422–1442

  • Meng W, Bogaard TA, van Beek LPH (2012) The long-term hydrological effect of forest stands on the stability of slopes. In: Proc. 11th Int. Symposium on Landslides and Eng. Slopes, Banff, 2012 pp 1631–1636

  • Mueller L (1978) Rock Engineering, vol 3. Tunnelling (in German), Enke, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • Peck RB (1969) Advantages and limitations of the observational method in applied soil mechanics. Géotechnique 19(2):171–187

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poisel R, Oehreneder H (1991) Cracks in concrete linings of tunnels and the assessment of tunnel stability. Felsbau 9:117–125

    Google Scholar 

  • Poisel R, Zettler A, Unterberger W (1996) Tunnelling in landslides. In: Proc. Eurock ´96. Turin, 1996 pp 667–674

  • Rat M (1992) Conclusions. Bull Int Assoc Eng Geol 45:75–76

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rudorfer C (2014) Results of geodetic survey. Unpublished report

  • Simeoni L, Ronchetti F, Corsini A, Mongiovi L, Ferro E, Ghirardini G, Girardi MF (2014) Frane a cinematica estremamente lenta in una valle glaciale del corridoio TEN-T5. In: Proc. of XXV Geotechnical National Congress. Baveno (Italy) June 4–6, 2014

  • Wang T-T (2010) Characterizing crack patterns on tunnel linings associated with shear deformation induced by instability of neighboring slopes. Eng Geol 115(1–2):80–95

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weber F (2013) Untersuchung zur Abhängigkeit des Verschiebungsverhaltens großer Massenbewegungen von der Jahreszeit und der Höhenlage. Master Thesis. Vienna University of Technology

  • Weidner S, Moser M, Lang E (2011) Geotechnische und kinematische Analyse des Talzuschubes Gradenbach (Kärnten/Österreich). Jahrbuch der Geologischen Bundesanstalt 151 (1+2):17–60

  • Wellenzohn P (2013) Numerische Untersuchung eines mittels Spritzbetonschale verstärkten Stollenbauwerks in einer Massenbewegung. Master thesis. Vienna University of Technology

  • Zettler AH, Poisel R, Roth W, Preh A (1999) Slope stability analysis based on the shear reduction technique in 3D slope stability analysis based on the shear reduction technique in 3D. In: Detournay C, Hart R (ed) Proceedings of the International FLAC Symposium on Numerical Modeling in Geomechanics. Minneapolis (USA) September 1–3, 1999 pp 11–16

  • Zienkiewicz OC, Humpheson C, Lewis RW (1975) Associated and non-associated visco plasticity and plasticity in soil mechanics. Geotechnique 25(4):671–689

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zischinsky U (1984) Bruchformen und Standfestigkeit von Stollen im geschichteten Gebirge. Felsbau 2:125–136

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Suggestions as well as recommendations of an unnamed reviewer are gratefully acknowledged.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Geotechnics, Vienna University of Technology, Karlsplatz 13, 1040, Vienna, Austria

    R. Poisel, K. Mair am Tinkhof & A. Preh

Authors
  1. R. Poisel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. K. Mair am Tinkhof
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. A. Preh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to R. Poisel.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Poisel, R., Mair am Tinkhof, K. & Preh, A. Landslide Caused Damages in a Gallery. Rock Mech Rock Eng 49, 2301–2315 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-015-0765-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-015-0765-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation