Abstract
Shah (Int J Earth Sci 102:1957–1966, 2013) mapped major unknown faults and fault segments in Kashmir basin using geomorphological techniques. The major trace of out-of-sequence thrust fault was named as Kashmir basin fault (KBF) because it runs through the middle of Kashmir basin, and the active movement on it has backtilted and uplifted most of the basin. Ahmad et al. (Int J Earth Sci, 2015) have disputed the existence of KBF and maintained that faults identified by Shah (Int J Earth Sci 102:1957–1966, 2013) were already mapped as inferred faults by earlier workers. The early works, however, show a major normal fault, or a minor out-of-sequence reverse fault, and none have shown a major thrust fault.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahmad S (2010) Tectonic geomorphology of the Rambiara basin, southwest Kashmir Valley. M. Phil thesis, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Kashmir, p 89
Ahmad A, Bhat MA (2012) Tectonic geomorphology of the Rambiara basin, SW Kashmir Valley reveals emergent out-of-sequence active fault system. Himal Geol 33:162–172
Ahmad S, Bhat MI, Madden C, Bali BS (2014) Geomorphic analysis reveals active tectonic deformation on the eastern flank of the PirPanjal Range, Kashmir Valley India. Arab J Geosci 7:2225–2235
Ahmad S, Alam A, Ahmad B (2015) Comment on: “Earthquake geology of Kashmir Basin and its implications for future large earthquakes” by Shah (2013); “Kashmir Basin Fault and its tectonic significance in NW Himalaya, Jammu and Kashmir, India” by Shah (2015). Int J Earth Sci (in press)
Bilotti F, Shaw JH, Brennan PA (2000) Quantitative structural analysis with stereoscopic remote sensing imagery. AAPG Bull 84(6):727–740
Burbank DW, Johnson GD (1982) Intermontane-basin development in the past 4 Myr in the north-west Himalaya. Nature 298:432–436
Burbank DW, Johnson GD (1983) The Late Cenozoic chronologic and stratigraphic development of the Kashmir intermontane basin, northwestern Himalaya. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 43:205–2350
Hodges KV (2000) Tectonics of the Himalaya and southern Tibet from two perspectives. Geol Soc Am Bull 112(3):324–350
Malik JN, Shah AA, Naik SP, Sahoo S, Okumura K, Patra NR (2014) Active fault study along foothill zone of Kumaun Sub-Himalaya: influence on landscape shaping and drainage evolution. Curr Sci 106:229
Mandal S, Robinson DM, Khanal S, Das O (2014) Redefining the tectonostratigraphic and structural architecture of the Almora klippe and the Ramgarh–Munsiari thrust sheet in NW India. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 412
Mukherjee S (2015) A review on out-of-sequence deformation in the Himalaya. In: Mukherjee S, Carosi R, van der Beek P, Mukherjee BK, Robinson D (Eds) Tectonics of the Himalaya. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 412, pp 67–109
Mukherjee S, Koyi HA, Talbot CJ (2012) Implications of channel flow analogue models for extrusion of the Higher Himalayan Shear Zone with special reference to the out-of-sequence thrusting. Int J Earth Sci 10:253–272
Nakata TH, Tsutsumi H, Khan SH, Lawrence RD (1991) Active Faults of Pakistan, Research Center for Regional Geography Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, pp 141
Segall P, Pollard DD (1980) Mechanics of discontinuous faults. J Geophys Res 85(38):4337–4350
Shah AA (2013) Earthquake geology of Kashmir Basin and its implications for future large earthquakes. Int J Earth Sci 102:1957–1966
Shah AA (2015a) Kashmir Basin Fault and its tectonic significance in NW Himalaya, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Int J Earth Sci 104:1901–1906
Shah AA (2015b) Assessing the influence of watershed characteristics on the flood vulnerability of Jhelum Basin in Kashmir Himalaya by Gowhar et al., 2015. Nat Hazards. doi:10.1007/s11069-015-1775-x
Shah AA (2015c) Comment on: Alam Akhtar, Ahmad Shabir, Sultan Bhat, M., Ahmad Bashir, 2015. Tectonic evolution of Kashmir basin in northwest Himalayas. Geomorphology. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.03.025.Geomorphology
Shyu JBH, Sieh H, Chen YG, Liu CS (2005) Neotectonic architecture of Taiwan and its implications for future large earthquakes. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 110(B8):1978–2012
Thakur VC, Jayangondaperumal R, Malik MA (2010) Redefining Medlicott-Wadia’s main boundary fault from Jhelum to Yamuna: an active fault strand of the main boundary thrust in northwest Himalaya. Tectonophysics 489:29–42
Vassallo R, Mugnier JL, Vignon V et al (2015) Distribution of the Late-Quaternary deformation in Northwestern Himalaya. Earth Planet Sci Lett 411:241–252
Wesnousky SG (2006) Predicting the endpoints of earthquake ruptures. Nature 444(7117):358–360
Yeats RS, Nakata T, Farah A (1992) The Himalayan frontal fault system. In: DeJong and Farah (eds) Geodynamics of Pakistan, Geological Survey of Pakistan: seismicity of the Hazara Arc in northern Pakistan: decollement vs. basement faulting. Ann Tecton Spec Issue Suppl, vol VI, pp 85–98
Acknowledgments
I am very thankful to four anonymous reviewers for greatly improving the contents of this reply. I am grateful to W.-Chr. Dullo, editor-in-chief, for his comment and Monika Dullo for managing editorial support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shah, A.A. Reply to comments by Ahmad et al. on: Shah, A. A., 2013. Earthquake geology of Kashmir Basin and its implications for future large earthquakes International Journal of Earth Sciences DOI:10.1007/s00531-013-0874-8 and on Shah, A. A., 2015. Kashmir Basin Fault and its tectonic significance in NW Himalaya, Jammu and Kashmir, India, International Journal of Earth Sciences DOI:10.1007/s00531-015-1183-1. Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 105, 689–694 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-015-1274-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-015-1274-z