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Blood pressure regulation VIII: resistance vessel tone and implications for a pro-atherogenic conduit artery endothelial cell phenotype

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Abstract

Dysfunction of the endothelium is proposed as the primary initiator of atherosclerotic peripheral artery disease, which occurs mainly in medium- to large-sized conduit arteries of the lower extremities (e.g., iliac, femoral, popliteal arteries). In this review article, we propose the novel concept that conduit artery endothelial cell phenotype is determined, in part, by microvascular tone in skeletal muscle resistance arteries through both changes in arterial blood pressure as well as upstream conduit artery shear stress patterns. First, we summarize the literature supporting the involvement of sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and nitric oxide (NO) in the modulation of microvascular tone and arterial blood pressure. We then focus on the role of elevated blood pressure and shear stress profiles in modulating conduit artery endothelial cell phenotype. Last, we discuss findings from classic and emerging studies indicating that increased vascular resistance, as it occurs in the context of increased SNA and/or reduced NO bioavailability, is associated with greater oscillatory shear stress (e.g., increased retrograde shear) in upstream conduit arteries. The ideas put forth in this review set the stage for a new paradigm concerning the mechanistic link between increased microvascular tone and development of conduit artery endothelial dysfunction and thus increased risk for peripheral artery disease. Indeed, a vast amount of evidence supports the notion that excessive blood pressure and oscillatory shear stress are potent pro-atherogenic signals to the endothelium.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank Dr. Seth Fairfax for his contributions to the data presented in Fig. 6. NTJ is supported by NIH T32-AR048523, MHL by NIH RO1-HL-036088, and PJF by NIH R01-HL093167.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA

    Jaume Padilla, Nathan T. Jenkins & M. Harold Laughlin

  2. Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA

    M. Harold Laughlin & Paul J. Fadel

  3. Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA

    M. Harold Laughlin & Paul J. Fadel

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  1. Jaume Padilla
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  2. Nathan T. Jenkins
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  3. M. Harold Laughlin
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  4. Paul J. Fadel
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Correspondence to Jaume Padilla.

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Communicated by Nigel A.S. Taylor.

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Padilla, J., Jenkins, N.T., Laughlin, M.H. et al. Blood pressure regulation VIII: resistance vessel tone and implications for a pro-atherogenic conduit artery endothelial cell phenotype. Eur J Appl Physiol 114, 531–544 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-013-2684-x

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