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Binocular function changes produced in response to overnight orthokeratology

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Abstract

Purpose

To analyze the binocular function changes produced on subjects undergoing overnight orthokeratology (OK) treatment over short-term (3 months) and long-term (3 years) wear.

Methods

A prospective, longitudinal study on young adult subjects with low to moderate myopia was carried out. Binocular function was assessed by the following sequence of tests: Distance and near horizontal phoria (Von Graefe technique), distance and near horizontal vergence ranges (Risley rotary prisms), accommodative convergence/accommodation (AC/A) ratio (gradient method) and the near point of convergence (standard push-up technique). The short-term sample consisted of: 21 subjects in the control group, 26 in a corneal refractive therapy (CRT) treatment lenses group and 25 in a Seefree treatment lenses group. Those subjects were evaluated at baseline and at a 3-month follow-up visit. Twenty one subjects were old CRT wearers that attended a 3-year follow-up visit (long-term group).

Results

A statistically significant difference over the 3-month treatment was found for divergence at distance: the break point decreased 1.4 Δ (p = 0.0006) in the CRT group and the recovery point increased 1.2 Δ (p = 0.001) in the Seefree group. Also, the Seefree group had an exophoric trend of 2.3 Δ at near (p = 0.02) and a base-out break decrease of 2.3 Δ (p = 0.03). For the long-term group, only the base-out break point at distant vision showed a statistically significant difference of 4.9 Δ (p = 0.02).

Conclusions

OK induces minimal changes in the binocular function for either short-term or long-term periods, apart from a near exophoric trend over the short-term period.

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Acknowledgements

The authors want to thank Interlenco (Madrid, Spain) and Conóptica (Barcelona, Spain) laboratories for their support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Optics II (Optometry & Vision) Faculty of Optics & Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Arcos de Jalon 118, 28037, Madrid, Spain

    Gema Felipe-Marquez & María Nombela-Palomo

  2. Applied Vision Research Group, Department of Optics II (Optometry & Vision) Faculty of Optics & Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain

    Catalina Palomo-Álvarez

  3. Instituto Balear de Oftalmología, Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain

    Isabel Cacho

  4. Contactology and Optometry Research Group (GICO), Department of Optics II (Optometry & Vision) Faculty of Optics & Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain

    Amelia Nieto-Bona

Authors
  1. Gema Felipe-Marquez
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  2. María Nombela-Palomo
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  3. Catalina Palomo-Álvarez
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  4. Isabel Cacho
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  5. Amelia Nieto-Bona
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Correspondence to Gema Felipe-Marquez.

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Conflict of interest

All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest (such as honoraria; educational grants; participation in speakers’ bureaus; membership, employment, consultancies, stock ownership, or other equity interest; and expert testimony or patent-licensing arrangements), or non-financial interest (such as personal or professional relationships, affiliations, knowledge or beliefs) in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.

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All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

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Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

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Felipe-Marquez, G., Nombela-Palomo, M., Palomo-Álvarez, C. et al. Binocular function changes produced in response to overnight orthokeratology. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 255, 179–188 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-016-3554-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-016-3554-0

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