Abstract
Human impact is a key factor in the evolution of landscape since the mid-Holocene. In this work landscape changes in a mountainous area in central Spain are examined through the analysis of pollen at Peña Negra mire (Cáceres), since its formation during the transition period between the third and second millennium cal. b.c. The study focuses on anthropogenic dynamics linked to the effects of livestock husbandry and the use of fire for forest clearance, as the mire is located close to a natural pass across the Bejar Range. With this aim, non-pollen palynomorphs and charcoal accumulation rate are useful indicators to assess the increasing role of human influence on vegetation. Grazing activities are continuously detected from the base of the profile, with maxima in the last millennium, while the use of fire is more pronounced from 3000 to 1000 cal. b.p. The discontinuous presence through the profile of forest species like chestnut, walnut, beech, elm or yew has also been analyzed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aaby B, Berglund BE (1986) Characterization of peat and lake deposits. In: Berglund BE (ed) Handbook of holocene palaeoecology and palaeohydrology. Wiley, Chichester, pp 231–246
Abel Schaad D, Hernández Carretero AM, López Sáez JA, Pulido Díaz FJ, López Merino L, Martínez Cortizas A (2009) Evolución de la vegetación en la Sierra de Gata (Cáceres-Salamanca, España) durante el Holoceno reciente. Implicaciones biogeográficas. Rev Esp Micropaleontol 41:91–105
Alvarez Sanchís JR (2005) Oppida and Celtic society in western Spain. E-Keltoi. J Interdiscipl Celtic Stud 6:255–285
Alvarez Sanchís JR (1997) Los Vettones: Arqueología de un pueblo protohistórico. Tesis Doctoral, Universidad Complutense de Madrid
Andersen ST (1970) The relative pollen productivity and pollen representation of north European trees, and correction factors for tree pollen spectra. Dan Geol Unders 96:1–99
Ariño Gil E (2006) Modelos de poblamiento rural en la provincia de Salamanca (España) entre la Antigüedad y la Alta Edad Media. Zephyrus 59:317–337
Arroyo J, Carrión JS, Hampe A, Jordano P (2004) La distribución de las especies a diferentes escalas espacio-temporales. In: Valladares F (ed) Ecología del bosque mediterráneo en un mundo cambiante. Mº Medio Ambiente, Madrid, pp 27–67
Atienza Ballano M (1993) Evolución del paisaje vegetal en las Sierras de Béjar y Francia durante el Holoceno, a partir del análisis polínico. Tesis Doctoral, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, Alcalá de Henares
Behre KE (1988) The role of man in European vegetation history. In: Huntley B, Webb T III (eds) Vegetation history. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 633–672
Behre KE (1992) The history of rye cultivation in Europe. Veget Hist Archaeobot 1:141–156
Blanco González A, López Sáez JA, López Merino L (2009) Ocupación y uso del territorio en el sector centromeridional de la cuenca del Duero entre la Antigüedad y la Alta Edad Media (siglos I-XI D.C.) Arch Esp Arqueol 82:275–300
Carcaillet C, Bouvier M, Frechette B, Larouche A, Richard P (2001) Comparison of pollen slide and sieving methods in lacustrine charcoal analyses for local and regional fire history. Holocene 11:467–476
Carcaillet C, Almquist H, Asnong H, Bradshaw RHW, Carrion JS, Gajewski K, Haas JN, Haberle SG, Hadorn P, Richard PJH, Sanchez-Goni MF, von Stedingk H, Stevenson AC, Talon B, Tinner W, Tryterud E, Wick L, Willis KJ (2002) Holocene biomass burning and global dynamics of the carbon-cycle. Chemosphere 49:845–863
Carrión JS (2002) Patterns and processes of Late Quaternary environmental change in a montane region of southwestern Europe. Quat Sci Rev 21:2,047–2,066
Carrión JS (2003) Pastoreo y vulnerabilidad de la vegetación en la alta montaña mediterránea durante el Holoceno. Cuad Geogr 70:7–22
Carrión JS, Sánchez P (1992) Palynological data in support of the survival of walnut (Juglans regia L.) in the western Mediterranean area during last glacial times. J Biogeogr 19:623–630
Carrión JS, Navarro C, Navarro J, Munuera M (2000a) The distribution of cluster pine (Pinus pinaster) in Spain as derived from palaeoecological data, relationships with phytosociological classification. Holocene 10:243–252
Carrión JS, Parra I, Navarro C, Munuera M (2000b) Past distribution and ecology of the cork oak (Quercus suber) in the Iberian Peninsula: a pollen-analytical approach. Divers Distrib 6:29–44
Carrión JS, Munuera M, Dupré M, Andrade A (2001) Abrupt vegetation changes in the Segura mountains of southern Spain throughout the Holocene. J Ecol 89:783–797
Carrión JS, Fuentes N, González-Sampériz P, Sánchez L, Finlayson JC, Fernández S, Andrade A (2007) Holocene environmental change in a montane region of southern Europe with a long history of human settlement. Quat Sci Rev 26:1,455–1,475
Collada C, Fuentes-Utrilla P, Gil L, Cervera MT (2004) Characterization of microsatellite loci in Ulmus minor Miller and cross-amplification in U. glabra Hudson and U. laevis Pall. Mol Ecol Notes 4:731–732
Conedera M, Krebs P, Tinner W, Pradella M, Torriani D (2004) The cultivation of Castanea sativa (Mill.) in Europe, from its origin to its difusión on a continental scale. Veget Hist Archeobot 13:161–179
Costa Tenorio M, Morla Juaristi C, Sainz Ollero H (eds) (1997) Los bosques ibéricos. Una interpretación geobotánica. Planeta, Barcelona
Cruz Reyes JL (1983) Transformación del espacio y economía de subsistencia del Valle del Jerte. Institución Cultural “El Brocense”, Coria (Cáceres)
De la Montaña Conchiña J, Clemente Ramos J (1994) La Extremadura cristiana (1142–1230): ocupación del espacio y transformaciones socioeconómicas. Hist Inst Doc 21:83–124
Desprat S, Sánchez Goñi MF, Loutre MF (2003) Revealing climatic variability of the last three millennia in northwestern Iberia using pollen influx data. Earth Planet Sci Lett 213:63–78
Escudero A, Sánchez-Mata D (1996) Las fitocenosis de interés pascícola y su diversidad en el Parque Regional de la Sierra de Gredos (Ávila, España). Stud Bot 15:47–67
Ezquerra Boticario FJ, Gil Sánchez L (2008) La transformación histórica del paisaje forestal en Extremadura. Tercer Inventario Forestal Nacional 1997–2007. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente. Madrid
Fabián García JF (1999) La transición del Bronce Final al Hierro I en el Sur de la Meseta Norte. Nuevos datos para su sistematización. Trab Prehist 56:161–180
Fabián JF, Blanco González A, López Sáez JA (2006) La transición Calcolítico-Bronce Antiguo desde una perspectiva arqueológica y ambiental: el Valle Amblés (Ávila) como referencia. Arqueol Espac 26:37–56
Faegri K, Iversen J (1989) Textbook of pollen analysis, 4th edn. Wiley, Chichester
Fernández-López J, Monteagudo AB (2010) Genetic structure of wild Spanish populations of Castanea sativa as revealed by isozyme analysis. For Syst 19:156–169
Fineschi S, Taurchini D, Villani F, Vendramin GG (2000) Chloroplast DNA polymorphism reveals little geographical structure in Castanea sativa Mill. (Fagaceae) throughout southern European countries. Mol Ecol 9:1,495–1,503
Finsinger W, Tinner W (2005) Minimum count sums for charcoal-concentration estimates in pollen slides: accuracy and potential errors. Holocene 15:293–297
Fornari B, Cannata F, Spada M, Malvolti ME (1999) Allozyme analysis of genetic diversity and differentiation in European and Asiatic walnut (Juglans regia L.) populations. For Genet 6:115–127
Franco Moreno B (2004) Territorio y poblamiento en la Kura de Mérida durante el emirato omeya (siglos VIII-X/II-IV). Espac Tiempo Forma, III, Hist Mediev 17:167–184
Franco Múgica F (1995) Estudio palinológico de turberas holocenas en el Sistema Central: reconstrucción paisajística y acción antrópica. Tesis Doctoral, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid
García Antón M, Morla C, Sáinz H (1990) Consideraciones sobre la presencia de algunos vegetales relictos terciarios durante el Cuaternario en la península ibérica. Bol Real Soc Esp Hist Nat (Secc Biol) 86:95–105
García Navarro A, López Piñeiro A (2002) Mapa de Suelos de la provincia de Cáceres. Escala 1:300.000. Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres
García Oliva MD (2007) Un espacio sin poder: la Transierra extremeña durante la época musulmana. Stud Hist Hist Mediev 25:89–120
Gavilán R, Fernández-González F, Blasi C (1998) Climatic classification and ordination of the Spanish Sistema Central: relationships with potential vegetation. Plant Ecol 139:1–11
Gil Romera G, García Antón M, Calleja JA (2008) The late Holocene palaeoecological sequence of Serranía de las Villuercas (southern Meseta, western Spain). Veget Hist Archaeobot 17:653–666
Gil Romera G, Carrión JS, Pausas JG, Sevilla-Callejo M, Lamb HF, Fernández S, Burjachs F (2010) Holocene fire activity and vegetation response in South-Eastern Iberia. Quat Sci Rev 29:1,082–1,092
Gil L, Fuentes-Utrilla P, Soto A, Cervera MT, Collada C (2004) English elm is a 2000-year-old Roman clone. Nature 431:1,053
Goeury C, De Beaulieu JL (1979) À propos de la concentration du pollen à l’aide de la liqueur de Thoulet dans les sédiments minéraux. Pollen Spores 21:239–251
Gómez-Pantoja J (2004) Pecora consectari: transhumance in Roman Spain. In: Santillo Frizell B (ed) Pecus: man and animal in antiquity. Proceedings of the Conference at the Swedish Institute in Rome, The Swedish Institute, pp 94–102
Grimm EC (1987) Coniss: a Fortran 77 program for stratigraphically constrained cluster análisis by the method of incremental sum of squares. Comput Geosci 13:13–35
Grimm EC (1992) Tilia, version 2. Springfield. IL 62703. USA: Illinois State Museum. Research and Collection Center
Grimm EC (2004) TGView. Illinois State Museum, Springfield
IGME (2006) Mapa Geológico de España. Escala 1:50.000. Cabezuela del Valle. Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, Madrid
Jalut G, Amat AE, Bonnet L, Gauquelin T, Fontugne M (2000) Holocene climatic changes in the Western Mediterranean, from south-east France to south-east Spain. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 160:255–290
Janssen C, Woldringh RE (1981) A preliminary radiocarbon dated pollen sequence from the Serra da Estrela, Portugal. Finisterra 16:299–309
Jiménez MC, Rupidera A, Prieto Jiménez M (2009) Estudio Técnico Arqueológico. Revisión del Plan General de Ordenación Urbana de Béjar (Salamanca). Ayuntamiento de Béjar (Salamanca)
Kuhry P (1985) Transgression of a raised bog across a coversand ridge originally covered with an oak-lime forest. Palaeoecological study of a Middle Holocene local vegetational succession in the Amstven (northwest Germany). Rev Palaeobot Palynol 44:303–353
Llorente Pinto JM (1992) Identidad serrana, cultura silvícola y tradición forestal: La crisis de los aprovechamientos tradicionales en las tierras salmantinas y la opción forestal. Agric Soc 65:217–252
Long CJ, Whitlock C (2002) Fire and vegetation history from the coastal rain forest of the Western Oregon Coast Range. Quat Res 58:215–225
López de Heredia U, Robledo-Arnuncio JJ, Fuentes-Utrilla P, Valbuena-Carabaña M, Gil L (2005) Contrasting genetic diversity of tree species in Spain: from Tertiary relicts to domestication. Investig Agrar Sist Recur For 14:318–333
López García P (ed) (1997) El Paisaje Vegetal de la Comunidad de Madrid durante el Holoceno Final. Serie Arqueología, Paleontología y Etnografía, Monográfico 5, Consejería de Educación y Cultura de la Comunidad de Madrid, Madrid
López Jiménez O, López Sáez JA (2005) Paleoambiente y formación de los paisajes antiguos de la comarca de la Sierra de Francia (Salamanca, España): de la estructura social a la creación del paisaje. Conímbriga 44:5–24
López Leiva C, Espinosa Rincón J, Bengoa Mtz de Mandojana J (2009) Mapa de vegetación de Castilla y León. Síntesis 1:400.000. Junta de Castilla y León. Consejería de Medio Ambiente
López Sáez JA, Blanco González A (2003) La mutación Bronce Final/Primer Hierro en el suroeste de la Cuenca del Duero (provincia de Ávila): ¿cambio ecológico y social? In: Esparza Arroyo A (coord) Encuentro de Jóvenes Investigadores sobre Bronce Final y Hierro en la Península Ibérica, Fundación Duque de Soria y Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, pp 219–238
López Sáez JA, López Merino L (2005) Precisiones metodológicas acerca de los indicios paleopalinológicos de agricultura en la Prehistoria de la Península Ibérica. Portugalia 26:53–64
López Sáez JA, López Merino L (2007) Coprophilous fungi as a source of information of anthropic activities during the Prehistory in the Amblés Valley (Ávila, Spain): the archaeopalynological record. Rev Esp Micropaleontol 39:103–116
López Sáez JA, Van Geel B, Martín Sánchez M (2000) Aplicación de los microfósiles no polínicos en Palinología Arqueológica. In: Oliveira JV (ed) Contributos das Ciências e das Technologias para a Arqueologia da Península Ibérica, Actas 3º. Congresso de Arqueología Peninsular, vol. IX. Adecap, Oporto, pp 11–20
López Sáez JA, López Merino L, Pérez Díaz S (2008) Los vettones y sus paisajes: paleoambiente y paleoeconomía de los castros de Ávila. In: Álvarez-Sanchís J (ed) Arqueología Vettona. La Meseta Occidental en la Edad de Hierro. Zona Arqueol 12, Museo Arqueológico Regional de Alcalá de Henares, pp 141–152
López Sáez JA, López Merino L, Alba Sánchez F, Pérez Díaz S (2009) Contribución paleoambiental al estudio de la trashumancia en el sector abulense de la Sierra de Gredos. Hisp Rev Esp Hist 69(231):9–38
López-Merino L, López Sáez JA, Ruiz Zapata MB, Gil García MJ (2008) Reconstructing the history of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in the north-western Iberian Range (Spain): from Late-Glacial refugia to the Holocene anthropic-induced forests. Rev Palaeobot Palynol 152:58–65
López-Merino L, López-Sáez JA, Alba-Sánchez F, Pérez-Díaz S, Carrión JS (2009a) 2000 years of pastoralism and fire shaping high-altitude vegetation of Sierra de Gredos in central Spain. Rev Palaeobot Palynol 158:42–51
López Merino L, López Sáez JA, Sánchez-Palencia J, Reher Díez GS, Pérez Díaz S (2009b) Castaños, nogales y cereales: La antropización de los paisajes de Asturias y León en época romana. Cuad Soc Esp Cienc For 30:93–99
MacDonald GM, Larsen CPS, Szeicz JM, Moser KA (1991) The reconstruction of boreal forest fire history from lake sediments. A comparison of charcoal, pollen, sedimentological, and geochemical indexes. Quat Sci Rev 10:53–71
Malvolti, ME, Pollegioni P, Bartoli S (2006) Genetic variation of walnut (Juglans regia L.) in Europe. In: Bozzano M, Rusanen M, Rotach P, Koskela J (compilers) EUFORGEN Noble Hardwoods Network, Report of the sixth and seventh meetings. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy
Manrique E, Fernández-Cancio A (2000) Extreme climatic events in dendroclimatic reconstructions from Spain. Clim Chang 44:123–138
Martín MA, Herrera MA, Martín LM (2012) In situ conservation and landscape genetics in forest species. J Nat Resour Dev 2:1–05
Martín-Puertas C, Valero-Garcés BL, Mata MP, González-Sampériz P, Bao R, Moreno A, Stefanova V (2008) Arid and humid phases in southern Spain during the last 4000 years: the Zoñar Lake record, Córdoba. Holocene 18:907–921
Mattioni C, Cherubini M, Micheli E, Villani F, Bucci G (2008) Role of domestication in shaping Castanea sativa genetic variation in Europe. Tree Genet Genomes 4:563–574
Médail F, Diadema K (2009) Glacial refugia influence plant diversity in the Mediterranean Basin. J Biogeogr 36:1,333–1,345
Mercuri AM, Sadori L, Blasi C (2010) Editorial: archaeobotany for cultural landscape and human impact reconstructions. Plant Biosyst 144:860–864
Mighall T, Martínez Cortizas A, Biester H, Turner SE (2006) Proxy climate and vegetation changes during the last five millennia in NW Iberia: pollen ad non-pollen palynomorph data from two ombrotrophic peat bogs in the North Western Iberian Peninsula. Rev Palaeobot Palynol 141:203–223
Monsalvo Antón JM (2003) Frontera pionera, monarquía en expansión y formación de los concejos de villa y tierra. Relaciones de poder en el realengo concejil entre el Duero y el Tajo (c.1072–c.1222). Arqueol Territ Mediev 10:45–126
Moore PD, Webb JA, Collinson ME (1991) Pollen analysis. Blackwell, London
Morrison KD (1994) Monitoring regional fire history through size-specific analysis of microscopic charcoal: the last 600 years in South India. J Archaeol Sci 21:675–685
Pausas JG, Keeley JE (2009) A burning story: the role of fire in the history of life. BioScience 59:593–601
Peinado Lorca M, Rivas-Martínez S (eds) (1987) La vegetación de España. Colección Aula Abierta, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, Alcalá de Henares
Pelachs A, Pérez-Obiol R, Ninyerola M, Nadal J (2009) Landscape dynamics of Abies and Fagus in the southern Pyrenees during the last 2200 years as a result of anthropogenic impacts. Rev Palaeobot Palynol 156:337–349
Pollegioni P, Woeste K, Olimpieri I, Marandola D, Cannata F, Malvolti ME (2011) Long-term human impacts on genetic structure of Italian walnut inferred by SSR markers. Tree Genet Genomes 7:707–723
Postigo JM, Gómez Manzaneque F, Morla C (2008) Survival and long-term maintenance of tertiary trees in the Iberian Peninsula during the Pleistocene: first record of Aesculus L. (Hippocastanaceae) in Spain. Veget Hist Archaeobot 17:351–364
Pulido F, Sanz R, Abel D, Ezquerra J, Gil A, González G, Hernández A, Moreno G, Pérez JJ, Vázquez F (2007) Los bosques de Extremadura, evolución, ecología y conservación. Junta de Extremadura, Mérida
Reille M (1992) Pollen et Spores d’Europe et d’Afrique du Nord. Laboratoire de Botanique Historique et Palynologie, Marseille
Rivas-Martínez S (1963) Estudio de la vegetación y flora de las Sierras de Guadarrama y Gredos. Anales Inst Bot AJ Cavanilles XXI (I)
Sadori L, Mercuri AM, Mariotti M (2010) Reconstructing past cultural landscape and human impact using pollen and plant macroremains. Plant Biosyst 144:940–951
Sánchez Moreno E (1998) De ganados, movimientos y contactos. Revisando la cuestión trashumante en la Protohistoria hispana: la Meseta Occidental. Stud Hist Hist Antig 16:53–84
Sánchez Palencia FJ, Ruiz del Arbol M, López Jiménez O (2003) Tierra, Agua y Oro. Arqueología del Paisaje en la Sierra de Francia. Museo de Salamanca. Junta de Castilla y León. Consejería de Cultura y Turismo
Sanz R, Pulido F, Camarero J (2011) Boreal trees in the Mediterranean: recruitment of downy birch (Betula alba) at its southern range limit. Ann For Sci 68:793–802
Sardinero S (2004) Flora y Vegetación del macizo occidental de la Sierra de Gredos (Sistema Central, España). Guineana 10:15–436
Stevenson AC, Harrison RJ (1992) Ancient forests in Spain: a model for land-use and dry forest management in South-west Spain from 4000 BC to 1900 AD. Proc Prehist Soc 58:227–247
Stockmarr J (1971) Tablets with spores used in absolute pollen analysis. Pollen Spores 13:614–621
Stuiver M, Reimer PJ, Bard E, Beck JW, Burr GS, Hughen KA, Kromer B, McCormac G, Van der Plicht J, Spurk M (1998) INTCAL98 Radiocarbon Age Calibration, 24000–0 cal BP. Radiocarb 40:1,041–1,083
Terés Landeta J, Valero Sáez A, Pérez Figueras C (1995) Cuad Trashumancia 15. Extremadura. ICONA, Madrid
Tinner W, Hu FS (2003) Size parameters, size-class distribution and area-number relationship of microscopic charcoal: relevance for fire reconstruction. Holocene 13:499–505
Troitiño MÁ (1998) Sierra de Gredos: dinámica socioterritorial y Parque Regional. Observatorio Medioambiental 1:141–170
Valsecchi V, Finsinger W, Tinner W, Ammann B (2008) Testing the influence of climate, human impact and fire on the Holocene population expansion of Fagus sylvatica in the southern Prealps (Italy). Holocene 18:603–614
Van den Brink LM, Janssen CR (1985) The effect of human activities during cultural phases on the development of montane vegetation in the Serra da Estrela, Portugal. Rev Palaeobot Palynol 44:193–215
Van der Knaap WO, Van Leeuwen JFN (1995) Holocene vegetation and degradation as responses to climatic change and human activity in the Serra da Estrela, Portugal. Rev Palaeobot Palynol 89:153–211
Van der Knaap WO, Van Leeuwen JFN, Ammann B (2004) The first rise and fall of Fagus sylvatica and interaction with Abies alba at Faulenseemoos (Swiss Plateau) 6900–6000 cal yr BP. Acta Palaeobot 44:249–266
Van Geel B (1978) A palaeoecological study of Holocene peat bog sections in Germany and the Netherlands, based on the analysis of pollen, spores and macro- and microscopic remains of fungi, algae, cormophytes and animals. Rev Palaeobot Palynol 25:1–120
Van Geel B (2002) Non-pollen palynomorphs. In: Smol JP, Birks HJB, Last WM (eds) Tracking environmental change using lake sediments, vol 3., Terrestrial, Algal, and Siliceous IndicatorsKluwer, Dordrecht, pp 99–119
Van Geel B (2006) Fossil ascomycetes in quaternary deposits. Nova Hedwigia 82:313–329
Van Geel B, Bohncke SJP, Dee H (1981) A palaeoecological study of an upper Late Glacial and Holocene sequence from “De Borchert”, The Netherlands. Rev Palaeobot Palynol 31:367–448
Van Geel B, Coope GR, Van der Hammen T (1989) Palaeoecology and stratigraphy of the Late-glacial type section al Usselo (The Netherlands). Rev Palaeobot Palynol 60:25–129
Van Geel B, Buurman J, Brinkkemper O, Schelvis J, Aptroot A, Van Reenen G, Hakbijl T (2003) Environmental reconstruction of a Roman Period settlement site in Uitgeest (The Netherlands), with special reference to coprophilous fungi. J Archaeol Sci 30:873–883
Van Geel B, Bokovenko NA, Burova ND, Chugunov KV, Dergachev VA, Dirksen VG, Kulkova M, Nagler A, Parzinger H, Van der Plicht J, Vasiliev SS, Zaitseva GI (2004) Climate change and the expansion of the Scythian culture after 850 BC: a hypothesis. J Archaeol Sci 31:1,735–1,742
Vanniere B, Colombaroli D, Chapron E, Leroux A, Tinner W, Magny M (2008) Climate versus human-driven fire regimes in Mediterranean landscapes: the Holocene record of Lago dell’Accesa (Tuscany, Italy). Quat Sci Rev 27:1,181–1,196
Weiss H, Courty MA, Wetterstrom W, Guichard F, Senior L, Meadow R, Curnow A (1993) The genesis and collapse of third millennium north mesopotamian civilization. Science 261:995–1,004
Whitlock C, Larsen C (2001) Charcoal as a fire proxy. In: Smol JP, Birks HJB, Last WM (eds) Terrestrial, algal, and siliceous indicators. Tracking Environmental Change Using Lake Sediments. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 75–97
Wood JR, Wilmshurst JM (2012) Wetland soil moisture complicates the use of Sporormiella to trace past herbivore populations. J Quat Sci 27:254–259
Wright HE, Patten HJ (1963) The pollen sum. Pollen Spores 5:445–450
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by F. Bittmann.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Abel-Schaad, D., López-Sáez, J.A. Vegetation changes in relation to fire history and human activities at the Peña Negra mire (Bejar Range, Iberian Central Mountain System, Spain) during the past 4,000 years. Veget Hist Archaeobot 22, 199–214 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-012-0368-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-012-0368-9