Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Enhanced mechanical properties and water resistance of bamboo fiber–unsaturated polyester composites coupled by isocyanatoethyl methacrylate

  • Original
  • Published:
Wood Science and Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Bamboo fibers were mechanically extracted from raw green bamboos by crushing, rolling, and combing techniques with 1,4-butanediol as a solvent. The morphology of the bamboo fibers thus obtained was analyzed. The bamboo fibers were treated with isocyanatoethyl methacrylate (IEM) in the presence of dibutyltin dilaurate as a catalyst, to improve the interfacial adhesion between the fibers and unsaturated polyester (UPE) resins. The bamboo fibers reinforced UPE composites were prepared by hand lay-up compression molding. FTIR, XPS, and NMR analyses indicated that the IEM was covalently bonded onto the bamboo fibers via carbamate linkages. The IEM treatments significantly increased the tensile strength, flexural strength, flexural modulus, and water resistance of the resulting composites and yet decreased the impact strength of the composites. The SEM images of the tensile-fractured surfaces of the IEM-treated bamboo fibers–UPE composites revealed that the fiber treatments markedly improved the interfacial adhesion between the bamboo fibers and UPE resins.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abdul Khalil HPS, Bhat IUH, Jawaid M, Zaidon A, Hermawan D, Hadi YS (2012) Bamboo fiber reinforced biocomposites: a review. Mater Des 42:353–368

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abdul Khalil HPS, Suraya NL, Atiqah N, Jawaid M, Hassan A (2013) Mechanical and thermal properties of chemical treated kenaf fibres reinforced polyester composites. J Compos Mater 47(26):3343–3350

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ashori A (2008) Wood–plastic composites as promising green-composites for automotive industries! Bioresour Technol 99(11):4661–4667

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ashori A, Nourbakhsh A (2009) Polypropylene cellulose-based composites: the effect of bagasse reinforcement and polybutadiene isocyanate treatment on the mechanical properties. Appl Polym Sci 111(4):1684–1689

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beamson G, Briggs D (1992) High resolution XPS of organic polymers. Wiley, Chichester, pp 210–211

    Google Scholar 

  • Deshpande AP, Bhaskar Rao M, Lakshmana Rao C (2000) Extraction of bamboo fibers and their use as reinforcement in polymeric composites. J Appl Polym Sci 76(1):83–92

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dittenber DB, Ganga Rao HV (2012) Critical review of recent publications on use of natural composites in infrastructure. Compos A 43(8):1419–1429

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Du Y, Zhang J, Wang C, Lacy TE Jr (2010a) Kenaf bast fiber bundle-reinforced unsaturated polyester composites. II: water resistance and composite mechanical properties improvement. Forest Prod J 60(4):366–372

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Du Y, Zhang J, Yu J, Lacy TE Jr (2010b) Kenaf bast fiber bundle-reinforced unsaturated polyester composites. IV: effects of fiber loadings and aspect ratios on composite tensile properties. Forest Prod J 60(7–8):582–591

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Faruk O, Bledzki AK, Fink HP, Sain M (2012) Biocomposites reinforced with natural fibers: 2000–2010. Prog Polym Sci 37(11):1552–1596

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gironès J, Pimenta MTB, Vilaseca F, de Carvalho AJF, Mutjé P, Curvelo AAS (2007) Blocked isocyanates as coupling agents for cellulose-based composites. Carbohydr Polym 68(3):537–543

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gironès J, Pimenta MTB, Vilaseca F, de Carvalho AJF, Mutjé P, Curvelo AAS (2008) Blocked diisocyanates as reactive coupling agents: application to pine fiber–polypropylene composites. Carbohydr Polym 74(1):106–113

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guo C, Li L, Wang Q (2012) Investigation on the compatibilizing effect of m-isopropenyl-α, α-dimethylbenzyl isocyanate grafted polypropylene on polypropylene and wood flour composites. Wood Sci Technol 46(1–3):257–270

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • He J, Tang Y, Wang S (2007) Differences in morphological characteristics of bamboo fibres and other natural cellulose fibres: studies on X-ray diffraction, solid state 13C-CP/MAS NMR, and second derivative FTIR spectroscopy data. Iran Polym J 16(12):807

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johansson LS, Campbell JM (2004) Reproducible XPS on biopolymers: cellulose studies. Surf Interface Anal 36(8):1018–1022

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karmarkar A, Chauhan SS, Modak JM, Manas C (2007) Mechanical properties of wood-fiber reinforced polypropylene composites: effect of a novel compatibilizer with isocyanate functional group. Compos A 38(2):227–233

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim H, Okubo K, Fujii T, Takemura K (2013) Influence of fiber extraction and surface modification on mechanical properties of green composites with bamboo fiber. J Adhes Sci Technol 27(12):1348–1358

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuang X, Kuang R, Zheng X, Wang Z (2010) Mechanical properties and size stability of wheat straw and recycled LDPE composites coupled by waterborne coupling agents. Carbohydr Polym 80(3):927–933

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar S, Choudhary V, Kumar R (2010) Study on the compatibility of unbleached and bleached bamboo-fiber with LLDPE matrix. J Therm Anal Calorim 102(2):751–761

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kushwaha PK, Kumar R (2009) Studies on water absorption of bamboo–polyester composites: effect of silane treatment of mercerized bamboo. Polym Plast Technol Eng 49(1):45–52

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kushwaha PK, Kumar R (2010) Studies on performance of acrylonitrile-pretreated bamboo–reinforced thermosetting resin composites. J Reinf Plast Compos 29(9):1347–1352

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kushwaha PK, Kumar R (2011) Influence of chemical treatments on the mechanical and water absorption properties of bamboo fiber composites. J Reinf Plast Compos 30(1):73–85

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee SH, Wang S (2006) Biodegradable polymers/bamboo fiber biocomposite with bio-based coupling agent. Compos A 37(1):80–91

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu D, Song J, Anderson DP, Chang PR, Hua Y (2012) Bamboo fiber and its reinforced composites: structure and properties. Cellulose 19(5):1449–1480

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu W, Chen T, Qiu R (2014) Effect of fiber modification with 3-isopropenyl-dimethylbenzyl isocyanate (TMI) on the mechanical properties and water absorption of hemp-unsaturated polyester (UPE) composites. Holzforschung 68(3):265–271

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mehta G, Drzal LT, Mohanty AK, Misra M (2006) Effect of fiber surface treatment on the properties of biocomposites from nonwoven industrial hemp fiber mats and unsaturated polyester resin. J Appl Polym Sci 99(3):1055–1068

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Osorio L, Trujillo E, Van Vuure AW, Verpoest I (2011) Morphological aspects and mechanical properties of single bamboo fibers and flexural characterization of bamboo/epoxy composites. J Reinf Plast Compos 30(5):396–408

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park R, Jang J (1998) A study of the impact properties of composites consisting of surface-modified glass fibers in vinyl ester resin. Compos Sci Technol 58(6):979–985

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qiu R, Ren X, Fifield LS, Simmons KL, Li K (2011) Hemp-fiber–reinforced unsaturated polyester composites: optimization of processing and improvement of interfacial adhesion. J Appl Polym Sci 121(2):862–868

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qiu R, Ren X, Li K (2012) Effect of fiber modification with a novel compatibilizer on the mechanical properties and water absorption of hemp-fiber–reinforced unsaturated polyester composites. Polym Eng Sci 52(6):1342–1347

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rassiah K, Ahmad MMH (2013) Bamboo, thermoplastic, thermosets, and their composites: a review. Appl Mech Mater 330:53–61

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ratna Prasad AV, Mohana Rao K (2011) Mechanical properties of natural fibre reinforced polyester composites: jowar, sisal and bamboo. Mater Des 32(8):4658–4663

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ray D, Sarkar BK, Rose NR (2002) Impact fatigue behaviour of vinylester resin matrix composites reinforced with alkali treated jute fibres. Compos A 2(33):233–241

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salmela M, Alén R, Vu MTH (2008) Description of kraft cooking and oxygen–alkali delignification of bamboo by pulp and dissolving material analysis. Ind Crop Prod 28(1):47–55

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sreekumar PA, Thomas SP, Saiter J, Joseph K, Unnikrishnan G, Thomas S (2009) Effect of fiber surface modification on the mechanical and water absorption characteristics of sisal/polyester composites fabricated by resin transfer molding. Compos A 40(11):1777–1784

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stael GC, de Menezes SMC, Tavares MIB, d’Almeida JRM (1998) Carbon-13 high resolution solid state NMR study of natural fibres obtained from sugar cane without treatment and their composites with EVA. Polym Test 17(3):147–152

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas MR (1983) Isocyanatoethyl methacrylate: a heterofunctional monomer for polyurethane and vinyl polymer systems. J Coat Technol 55(703):55–61

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tran DT, Nguyen DM, Ha Thuc CN, Dang TT (2013) Effect of coupling agents on the properties of bamboo fiber–reinforced unsaturated polyester resin composites. Compos Interfaces 20(5):343–353

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wai NN, Nanko H, Murakami K (1985) A morphological study on the behavior of bamboo pulp fibers in the beating process. Wood Sci Technol 19(3):211–222

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wambua P, Ivens J, Verpoest I (2003) Natural fibres: can they replace glass in fibre reinforced plastics? Compos Sci Technol 63(9):1259–1264

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wong KZ, Zahi S, Low KO, Lim CC (2010) Fracture characterisation of short bamboo fibre reinforced polyester composites. Mater Des 31(9):4147–4154

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zahedi M, Tabarsa T, Ashori A, Madhoushi M, Shakeri A (2013) A comparative study on some properties of wood plastic composites using canola stalk, paulownia and nanoclay. J Appl Polym Sci 129(3):1491–1498

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors appreciate funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31070495), the Fujian Provincial Funding for the Cooperative Project of Higher Education Institutions and Industries, China (Grant No. 2013H6005), and the funding from the Ministry of Education, China, for the Doctoral Programs in Higher Education Institutions (Grant No. 20133515110015).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Jinshan, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian Province, People’s Republic of China

    Wendi Liu, Tingting Chen, Xiaoyun Wen & Renhui Qiu

  2. Fujian HBS Chemical Technology Co. Ltd., Nanping, 353000, Fujian Province, People’s Republic of China

    Xincong Zhang

Authors
  1. Wendi Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Tingting Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Xiaoyun Wen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Renhui Qiu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Xincong Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Renhui Qiu.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Liu, W., Chen, T., Wen, X. et al. Enhanced mechanical properties and water resistance of bamboo fiber–unsaturated polyester composites coupled by isocyanatoethyl methacrylate. Wood Sci Technol 48, 1241–1255 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-014-0668-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-014-0668-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation