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Emerging contaminant determination in water samples by liquid chromatography using a monolithic column coupled with a photodiode array detector

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Abstract

Concern about the presence of emerging contaminants in the environment has increased because biological activity at low concentrations has been observed. The difficulty of detecting and quantifying these compounds encourages the development of analytical methods with highly sensitive and selective analytical procedures. Pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and industrial chemicals are used and finally discarded to the environment. This paper provides a rapid and sensitive analytical method for the quantification of eight emerging contaminants (carbamazepine, carbofuran, bisphenol A, diuron, 17 α ethinylestradiol, ametryn, carbazole, and triclosan). A two-level full factorial design for optimization of chromatographic separation and sample preparation was performed. The separation using a monolithic column (Onyx C18) achieved baseline resolution for all compounds in 4.6 min. The optimized sample treatment involved a preconcentration step by means of solid-phase extraction using HF Bond Elut-C18 cartridges, achieving an enrichment factor of 2222. Under optimum conditions, good linearity was obtained with a correlation coefficient higher than 0.999. The limits of detection and quantification for carbamazepine, carbofuran, bisphenol A, diuron, 17 α ethinylestradiol, ametryn, and carbazole were in the range of 0.01–208.7 and 0.03–695.7 ng L−1, respectively, and for triclosan, the limit of detection and quantification was 0.67 and 2.25 μg L−1, respectively. Precision evaluated as relative standard deviations was lower than 15 %. The proposed method was found robust. Finally, the method was successfully applied to superficial water samples.

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Acknowledgments

Salvatierra-Stamp thanks Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, México, for the research grant provided.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Colima, Carretera Colima-Coquimatlán km 9, 28400, Coquimatlán, Colima, Mexico

    Vilma del C. Salvatierra-Stamp, Jorge Gonzalez & Roberto Muñiz-Valencia

  2. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Colima, c/ Bernal Díaz del Castillo 340, 28045, Colima, Colima, Mexico

    Silvia G. Ceballos-Magaña

  3. Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, c/ Profesor García González 1, 41012, Seville, Spain

    Jose M. Jurado

Authors
  1. Vilma del C. Salvatierra-Stamp
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  2. Silvia G. Ceballos-Magaña
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  3. Jorge Gonzalez
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  4. Jose M. Jurado
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  5. Roberto Muñiz-Valencia
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Correspondence to Roberto Muñiz-Valencia.

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Salvatierra-Stamp, V.d.C., Ceballos-Magaña, S.G., Gonzalez, J. et al. Emerging contaminant determination in water samples by liquid chromatography using a monolithic column coupled with a photodiode array detector. Anal Bioanal Chem 407, 4661–4670 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-015-8666-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-015-8666-6

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