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Origin of REE mineralization in the Bastnäs-type Fe-REE-(Cu-Mo-Bi-Au) deposits, Bergslagen, Sweden

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Abstract

The Bastnäs-type deposits, with mineral assemblages of Fe oxides, Ca-Mg silicates, rare earth element (REE) silicates, REE fluorocarbonates, and Cu-Fe-Mo-Bi sulfides, are associated with marble horizons in a strongly Na, K, and/or Mg altered, metavolcanic succession, over a distance of at least 80 km in a SW-NE trending zone in western Bergslagen. Two subtypes occur: (1) enriched (relative to the other type) in light REE (LREE) and Fe, exemplified by the Bastnäs and Rödbergsgruvan deposits, and (2) enriched in heavy REE (HREE), Y, Mg, Ca, and F, represented by deposits in the Norberg district. Bastnäsite hosts primary fluid H2O-CO2 inclusions with salinities of 6–29 eq. wt% CaCl2 and with total homogenization temperatures (Th tot) of ca. 300–400 °C. Subtype 2 has late-stage fluorite with fluid inclusions that show 1–16 eq. wt% NaCl and Th tot of ca. 90–150 °C. Molybdenite Re-Os ages obtained from three deposits are 1,904 ± 6, 1,863 ± 4, and 1,842 ± 4 Ma. Nd isotopic data from five different REE minerals yielded no defined isochron, but a range in εNd (1.88 Ga) of +0.2 to +1.6. The oxygen isotope values (δ18OSMOW) of dolomite and calcite from the associated REE-mineralized skarn and recrystallized carbonate assemblages lie in the range 6.1–8.6 ‰, overlapping with those of the host marbles. Carbon isotope values (δ13CPDB) show typical magmatic signatures of −6.7 to −4.4 ‰, while the host marbles group around ca. −2.4 ‰. The sulfur isotope (δ34SCDT) values of associated sulfides range between −10.8 and +0.2 ‰. The combined evidence suggests REE mineralization, beginning at 1.9 Ga, from mainly Svecofennian, juvenile magmatic (>400 °C) fluids carrying Si, F, Cl, S, CO2, and the REE in addition to other metals; mineralization occurred through reactions with dolomitic layers in the supracrustal units coevally with regional metasomatic alteration associated with fluid circulation through an extensive active volcano–plutonic complex.

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Acknowledgements

We wish to thank the Geological Survey of Norway for granting access to their ICP-MS instrument. This research project has benefitted from financial contribution from the Swedish Research Council (grant no. 621-2003-3572). Comments and constructive suggestions from the editors and reviewers of this journal are highly appreciated by the authors.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department for Research Policy, Swedish Research Council, Box 1035, 101 38, Stockholm, Sweden

    Dan Holtstam

  2. Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, 104 05, Stockholm, Sweden

    Dan Holtstam

  3. Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden

    Ulf B. Andersson

  4. LKAB, R&D, RG, FK9, 981 86, Kiruna, Sweden

    Ulf B. Andersson

  5. Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden

    Curt Broman & Joakim Mansfeld

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  1. Dan Holtstam
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  2. Ulf B. Andersson
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Correspondence to Dan Holtstam.

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Editorial handling: D. Huston and B. Lehmann

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Holtstam, D., Andersson, U.B., Broman, C. et al. Origin of REE mineralization in the Bastnäs-type Fe-REE-(Cu-Mo-Bi-Au) deposits, Bergslagen, Sweden. Miner Deposita 49, 933–966 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-014-0553-0

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