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Phytotoxic effects of phenolic acids from Merostachys riedeliana, a native and overabundant Brazilian bamboo

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Abstract

Merostachys riedeliana Rupr. is a native and overabundant bamboo species in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Moderate to strong allelopathic activity may be one mechanism that explains this super-dominance and the changes in structure and composition of forest areas occupied by bamboo. This study evaluated the phytotoxic effect of M. riedeliana extracts and fractions and identified their putative allelochemicals. We investigated the presence of allelochemicals in soil collected from stands occupied by M. riedeliana. Furthermore, we evaluated the putative effect of tree allelochemicals, individually and combined, on germination and growth. The aqueous extract of leaves and its ethyl acetate fraction presented the highest inhibitory effects on seed germination and seedling growth. The effect of the extracts and fractions on the target species was species-specific. Neither the individual nor the combined phenolic acids significantly inhibited seed germination; however, a pronounced growth inhibition was observed in M. bimucronata seedlings treated with vanillic acid and in E. verna and M. bimucronata seedlings treated with combined phenolic acids. Isovitexin, vitexin, isoorientin, orientin, and their O-glycoside derivatives, the lactonic dimer of the p-hydroxybenzoic acid and 3,4-methylenedioxymandelic acid were identified in the aqueous extracts and ethyl acetate fraction by Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Dectector/Electrospray Ionization/Mass Spectrometry (LC-DAD/ESI–MS/MS). The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC–MS) profile of the same extract and fraction showed the presence of benzoic, benzeneacetic, salicylic, p-hydroxybenzoic, p-hydroxyphenylacetic, vanillic, p-coumaric, protocatechuic, syringic, gallic, m-coumaric vanillylmandelic, 4-methylmandelic, 3,4-methylenedioxymandelic and trans-ferulic acids. The p-benzoic acid and the apigenin 6-C-glucoside (isovitexin) were identified in the soil extract collected from under bamboo-growing areas. Even though laboratory bioassays are not completely predictive of the allelopathic effects that occur in nature, the results of this study provide preliminary evidence of allelopathy as a possible species-specific inhibition mechanism of native species that explain the impoverishment of floristic richness and the functional groups in areas where M. riedeliana is overabundant.

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported by Grants from the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), Brazil (Grant Nos. 05/51747-2 and 2010/17076-1) awarded to M. T. Grombone-Guaratini and Daniela A. Faria, respectively. The authors thank Kerstin Reifenrath (Associate Editor) and their anonymous reviewers for their very constructive comments on earlier versions of this manuscript.

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  1. Núcleo de Pesquisa em Fisiologia e Bioquímica, Instituto de Botânica, C.P. 68041, 04301-902, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

    Celso Markowitsch Jose, Luce M. Brandão Torres & Marco Aurélio Mata Gonçalves Torres

  2. Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ecologia, Instituto de Botânica, C.P. 68041, 04301-902, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

    Celso Markowitsch Jose, Marco Aurélio Mata Gonçalves Torres, Daniela Aparecida Farias & Maria Tereza Grombone-Guaratini

  3. Núcleo de Pesquisa Reserva Biológica do Alto da Serra de Paranapiacaba e PEFI, Instituto de Botânica, C.P. 68041, 04301-902, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

    Regina Tomoko Shirasuna

  4. Núcleo de Pesquisa em Sementes, Instituto de Botânica, C.P. 68041, 04301-902, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

    Nelson Augusto dos Santos Jr.

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  1. Celso Markowitsch Jose
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  2. Luce M. Brandão Torres
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Jose, C.M., Brandão Torres, L.M., Torres, M.A.M.G. et al. Phytotoxic effects of phenolic acids from Merostachys riedeliana, a native and overabundant Brazilian bamboo. Chemoecology 26, 235–246 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00049-016-0224-y

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