Summary
Activators of protein kinase C (PKC) stimulate Na− transport (J Na) across frog skin. We have examined the effect of Ca2+ on PKC stimulation ofJ Na. Both the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylglycerol (DiC8) were used as PKC activators. Blocking Ca2+ entry into the cytosol (either from external or internal stores) reduced the subsequent natriferic effect of the PKC activators. This negative interaction did not simply reflect saturation of activation of the apical Na+ channels, since the stimulations produced by blocking Ca2+ entry and adding cyclic AMP were simply additive.
The Ca2+ dependence of the natriferic effect could have reflected either a direct action of cytosolic Ca2+ on PKC or an indirect action on the final receptor site (the Na+ channel). To distinguish between these possibilities, the TPA- and phospholipid-dependent kinase activity of broken-cell preparations was assayed. The kinase activity was not stimulated by physiological levels of Ca2+, and in fact was inhibited at millimolar concentrations of Ca2+.
We conclude that the effects of Ca2+ on the natriferic response to PKC activators are indirect. Reducing cytosolic uptake of Ca2+ may have stimulated Na+ transport by a chemical modification of the apical channels observed in other tight epithelia. The usual stimulation of Na+ transport produced by PKC activators in frog skin may reflect the operation of a nonconventional form of PKC. This enzyme is Ca2+ independent and seems related to thenPKC or PKCε observed in other systems.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Andersen, H., Bjerregaard, H., Nielsen, R. 1987. Effect of protein kinase C activator (TPA) on sodium transport and osmotic water flow in frog skin.Acta Physiol. Scand. 129:27A
Banks, R.O. 1974. Cadmium stimulation & cadmium-cysteine inhibition of active Na transport by the frog skin.Physiologist 17:175
Borghgraef, R., Stymans, A., van Driessche, W. 1971. The action of divalent cations on the electrical resistance of the frog skin.Arch. Int. Physiol. Biochim. 79:171–173
Bridges, R.J., Garty, H., Benos, D.J., Rummel, W. 1988. Sodium uptake into colonic enterocyte membrane vesicles.Am. J. Physiol. 254:C484-C490
Chase, H.S., Al-Awqati, Q. 1983. Calcium reduces the sodium permeability of luminal membrane vesicles from toad bladder, studies using a fast-reaction apparatus.J. Gen. Physiol. 31:643–665
Chiou, C.Y., Malagodi, M.H. 1975. Studies on the mechanism of a new Ca2+ antagonist, 8-(N, N-diethylamino)octyl 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate hydrochloride in smooth and skeletal muscle.Br. J. Pharmacol. 53:279–285
Civan, M.M. 1983. Epithelial Ions and Transport: Application of Biophysical Techniques. Wiley Interscience, New York
Civan, M.M., Peterson-Yantorno, K., DiBona, D.R., Wilson, D.F., Erecińska, M. 1983. Bioenergetics of Na+ transport across frog skin: Chemical and electrical measurements.Am. J. Physiol. 245:F691-F700
Civan, M.M., Peterson-Yantorno, K., George, K., O'Brien, T.G. 1989. Interactions of TPA and insulin on Na+ transport across frog skin.Am. J. Physiol. 256:C569-C578
Civan, M.M., Peterson-Yantorno, K., O'Brien, T.G. 1987. Diacylglycerols stimulate short-circuit current across frog skin by increasing apical Na+ permeability.J. Membrane Biol. 97:193–204
Civan, M.M., Peterson-Yantorno, K., O'Brien, T.G. 1988. Insulin and phorbol ester stimulate conductive Na+ transport through a common pathway.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:963–967
Civan, M.M., Rubenstein, D., Mauro, T., O'Brien, T. 1985. Effects of tumor promoters on sodium ion transport across frog skin.Am. J. Physiol. 248:C457-C465
Collins, S.A., Pon, D.J., Sen, A.K. 1987. Phosphorylation of the α-subunit of the (Na++K+)-ATPase by carbachol in tissue slices and the role of phosphoproteins in stimulus-secretion coupling.Biochim. Biophys. Acta 927:392–401
Curran, P.F., Gill, J.R. 1962. The effect of calcium on sodium transport in frog skin.J. Gen. Physiol. 45:625–641
DeLong, J., Civan, M.M. 1983. Microelectrode study of K− accumulation by tight epithelia: I. Baseline values of split frog skin and toad urinary bladder.J. Membrane Biol. 72:183–193
DeLong, J., Civan, M.M. 1984. Apical sodium entry in split frog skin: Current-voltage relationship.J. Membrane Biol. 82:25–40
Du Bois Reymond, E. 1848. Untersuchungen über tierische Elektricität. G. Reimer, Berlin
Ferrari, S., Marchiori, F., Borin, G., Pinna, L.A. 1985. Distinct structural requirements of Ca2+/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C) and cAMP-dependent protein kinase as evidenced by synthetic peptide substrates.FEBS Lett. 184:72–77
Fisher, R.S., Erlij, D., Helman, S. 1980. Intracellular voltage of isolated epithelia of frog skin: Apical and basolateral cell punctures.J. Gen. Physiol. 76:447–453
Fuchs, W., Larsen, E.H., Lindemann, B. 1977. Current-voltage curve of sodium channels and concentration dependence of sodium permeability in frog skin.J. Physiol. 267:137–166
Garty, H., Asher, C. 1985. Ca2+ dependent, temperature sensitive, regulation of Na+ channels in tight epithelia. A study using membrane vesicles.J. Biol. Chem. 260:8330–8335
Garty, H., Asher, C., Yeger, O. 1987. Direct inhibition of epithelial Na+ channels by a pH-dependent interaction with calcium, and by other divalent ions.J. Membrane Biol. 95:151–162
Garty, H., Benos, D.J. 1988. Characteristics and regulatory mechanisms of the amiloride-blockable Na+ channel.Physiol. Rev. 68:309–373
Geering, K., Girardet, M., Bron, C., Kraehenbuhl, J.P., Rossier, B.C. 1982. Hormonal regulation of (Na+, K+)-ATPase biosynthesis in the toad bladder: Effect of aldosterone and 3,5,3′-triiodo-l-thyronine.J. Biol. Chem. 257:10,338–10,343
Goldman, D.E. 1943. Potential, impedance and rectification in membranes.J. Gen. Physiol. 27:37–60
Goncharevskaya, O.A., Monin, Yu.G., Natochin, Yu.V. 1986. The influence of furosemide and Co2+ on electrolyte and water transport in newt distal tubule and frog skin.Pfluegers Arch. 406:557–562
Grinstein, S., Erlij, D. 1978. Intracellular calcium and the regulation of sodium transport in the frog skin.Proc. R. Soc. London B 202:353–360
Hayashi, H., Takada, M., Arita, A. 1977. Effects of cadmium on the active transport of sodium by the abdominal skin of a bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana).Jpn. J. Physiol. 27:337–352
Hillyard, S.D., Gonick, H. 1976. Effects of Cd2+ on short-circuit current across epithelial membranes. I. Interactions with Ca2+ and vasopressin on frog skin.J. Membrane Biol. 26:109–119
House, C., Wettenhall, R.E.H., Kemp, B.E. 1987. The influence of basic residues on the substrate specificity of protein kinase C.J. Biol. Chem. 262:772–777
Hunter, T., Ling, N., Cooper, J.A. 1984. Protein kinase C phosphorylation of the EGF receptor at a threonine residue close to the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane.Nature 311:480–483
Kelepouris, E., Agus, Z.S., Civan, M.M. 1985. Intracellular calcium activity in split frog skin epithelium: Effect of cAMP.J. Membrane Biol. 88:113–121
Koefoed-Johnsen, V., Ussing, H.H. 1958. The nature of the frog skin potential.Acta Physiol. Scand. 42:298–308
Kojima, I., Kojima, K., Rasmussen, H. 1985. Mechanism of inhibitory action of TMB-8[8-N,N-diethylamino) octyl-3,4,4-trimethoxybenzoate] on aldosterone secretion in adrenal glomerulosa cells.Biochem. J. 232:87–92
Konieczkowski, M., Rudolph, S.A. 1985. Vasopressin-mediated protein phosphorylation in intact toad urinary bladder.J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 234:515–521
Latorre, R. 1986. The large calcium-activated potassium channel.In: Ion Channel Reconstitution. C. Miller, editor. pp. 431–467 Plenum, New York
Latorre, R., Miller, C. 1983. Conduction and selectivity in potassium channels.J. Membrane Biol. 71:11–30
Latorre, R., Oberhauser, A., Labarca, P., Alvarez, O. 1989. Varieties of calcium-activated potassium channels.Annu. Rev. Physiol. 51:385–399
Leibowich, S., DeLong, J., Civan, M.M. 1988. Apical Na+ permeability of frog skin during serosal Cl− replacement.J. Membrane Biol. 102:121–130
Macknight, A.D.C., DiBona, D.R., Leaf, A. 1980. Sodium transport across toad urinary bladder: A model “tight” epithelium.Physiol. Rev. 60:615–715
Matteucci, C., Cima, A. 1845. Mémoire sur l'endosmose.Ann. Chim. Phys. 13:63–86
Mauro, T., O'Brien, T.G., Civan, M.M. 1987. Effects of TPA on short circuit current across frog skin.Am. J. Physiol. 252:C173-C178
Miller, R.J. 1987. Multiple calcium channels and neuronal function.Science 235:46–52
Mix, L.L., Dinerstein, R.J., Villereal, M.L. 1984. Mitogens and melittin stimulate an increase in intracellular free calcium concentration in human fibroblasts.Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 119:69–75
Nagel, W., Garcia-Diaz, J.F., Essig, A. 1983. Cellular and paracellular conductance patterns in voltage-clamped frog skin.In: Physical Methods in the Study of Epithelia. M.A. Dinno, A.B. Callahan, and T.C. Rozzell, editors. pp. 221–231. Liss, New York
Natochin, Yu.V., Goncharevskaya, O.A., Monin, Yu.G. 1986. Cobalt-dependent stimulation of sodium transport in the amphibian skin and nephron.Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 84A:353–355
Nishizuka, Y. 1986. Studies and perspectives of protein kinase C.Science 233:305–312
Ohno, S., Akita, Y., Konno, Y., Imajoh, S., Suzuki, K. 1988. A novel phorbol ester receptor/protein kinase, nPKC, distantly related to the protein kinase C family.Cell 53:731–741
Ono, Y., Fujii, T., Ogita, K., Kikkawa, U., Igarashi, K., Nishizuka, Y. 1988. The structure, expression, and properties of additional members of the protein kinase C family.J. Biol. Chem. 263:6927–6932
Ono, Y., Kikkawa, U., Ogita, K., Fujii, T., Kurokawa, T., Asaoka, Y., Sekiguchi, K., Ase, K., Igarashi, K., Nishizuka, Y. 1987. Expression and properties of two types of protein kinase C: Alternative splicing from a single gene.Science 236:1116–1120
Orloff, J., Handler, J.S. 1962. The similarity of effects of vasopressin, adenosine-3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP) and theophylline on the toad bladder.J. Clin. Invest. 41:702–709
Palmer, L.G., Frindt, G. 1987a. Ca ionophore and phorbol ester inhibit Na channels in rat cortical collecting tubules.Fed. Proc. 46:495
Palmer, L.G., Frindt, G. 1987b. Effects of cell Ca and pH on Na channels from rat cortical collecting tubule.Am. J. Physiol. 253:F333-F339
Pershadsingh, H.A., Gale, R.D., McDonald, J.M. 1987. Chelation of intracellular calcium prevents stimulation of glucose transport by insulin and insulinomimetic agents in the adipocyte. Evidence for a common mechanism.Endocrinology 121:1727–1732
Petersen, O.H., Maruyama, Y. 1984. Calcium-activated potassium channels and their role in secretion.Nature 307:693–696
Rifkin, R.J. 1965. In vitro inhibition of Na+-K− and Mg2+ ATPases by mono, di and trivalent cations.Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 120:802–804
Rorsman, P., Arkhammar, P., Berggren, P.-O. 1986. Voltage-activated Na+ currents and their suppression by phorbolester in clonal insulin-producing RINm5F cells.Am. J. Physiol. 251:C912-C919
Rose, B., Yada, T., Loewenstein, W.R. 1986. Downregulation of cell-to-cell communication by the viralsrc gene is blocked by TMB-8 and recovery of communication is blocked by vanadate.J. Membrane Biol. 94:129–142
Sawamura, M. 1985. Inhibition of protein kinase C activation by 8-N,N-(diethylamino) octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzoate (TMB-8), an intracellular Ca2+ antagonist.Kobe J. Med. Sci. 31:221–232
Schlondorff, D., Levine, S.D. 1986. Inhibition of vasopressin-stimulated water flow in toad bladder by phorbol myristate acetate, dioctanoylglycerol, and RHC-80267: Evidence for modulation of action of vasopressin by protein kinase C.J. Clin. Invest. 76:1071–1078
Schwartz, I.L., Shlatz, L.J., Kinne-Saffran, E., Kinne, R. 1974. Target cell polarity and membrane phosphorylation in relation to the mechanism of action of antidiuretic hormone.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71:2595–2599
Segel, I.H. 1976. Biochemical Calculations: How to Solve Mathematical Problems in General Biochemistry. (2nd Ed.) Wiley, New York
Shimada, H., Mishina, T., Marumo, F. 1985. The effects of PGE2 on vasopressin and guanine nucleotide-mediated adenylate cyclase activity in toad bladder membrane.Tohoku J. Exp. Med. 145:427–435
Streb, H., Bayerdörffer, E., Haase, W., Irvine, R.F., Schulz, I. 1984. Effect of inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate on isolated subcellular fractions of rat pancreas.J. Membrane Biol. 81:241–253
Takada, M. 1985. Differentiation of the active sodium transport system during metamorphosis inRana catesbeiana skin in relation to cadmium- and amiloride-induced responses.Jpn. J. Physiol. 35:525–534
Takada, M., Hayashi, H. 1978. Effects of cadmium ion on the Na,K-ATPase of microsomes obtained from frog skin.Jpn. J. Physiol. 28:473–483
Takada, M., Hayashi, H. 1980. Effect of cadmium on active sodium transport by the abdominal skin and the isolated epidermis of the bullfrog: Differences in effects between epidermal and dermal cadmium applications.Jpn. J. Physiol. 30:257–269
Takada, M., Hayashi, H. 1981. Interaction of cadmium, calcium, and amiloride in the kinetics of active sodium transport through frog skin.Jpn. J. Physiol. 31:285–303
Thompson, I.G., Mills, J.W. 1983. Chloride transport in glands of frog skin.Am. J. Physiol. 244:C221-C226
Verbost, P.M., Flik, G., Lock, R.A.C., Bonga, S.E.W. 1987a. Cadmium inhibition of Ca2+ uptake in rainbow trout gills.Am. J. Physiol. 253:R216-R221
Verbost, P.M., Flik, G., Lock, R.A.C., Bonga, S.E.W. 1988. Cadmium inhibits plasma membrane calcium transport.J. Membrane Biol. 102:97–104
Verbost, P.M., Senden, M.H.M.N., van Os, C.H. 1987b. Nanomolar concentrations of Cd2+ inhibit Ca2+ transport systems in plasma membranes and intracellular Ca2+ stores in intestinal epithelium.Biochim. Biophys. Acta 902:247–252
Yada, T., Rose, B., Loewenstein, W.R. 1985. Diacylglycerol downregulates junctional membrane permeability. TMB-8 blocks this effect.J. Membrane Biol. 88:217–232
Yanase, M., Handler, J.S. 1986. Activators of protein kinase C inhibit sodium transport in A6 epithelia.Am. J. Physiol. 250:C517-C522
Yingst, D.R. 1988. Modulation of the Na,K-ATPase by Ca and intracellular proteins.Annu. Rev. Physiol. 50:291–303
Ziyadeh, F.N., Kelepouris, E., Civan, M.M., Agus, Z.S. 1985. cAMP- and β adrenergic-stimulated chloride-dependent Ca2+ secretion in frog skin.Am. J. Physiol. 249:F713-F722
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Civan, M.M., Oler, A., Peterson-Yantorno, K. et al. Ca2+-independent form of protein kinase C may regulate Na+ transport across frog skin. J. Membrain Biol. 121, 37–50 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01870649
Received:
Revised:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01870649