Summary
When a hot water extract of Chlorella vulgaris (CE) was injected into the peritoneal cavity of BALB/c mice inoculated with syngeneic Meth-A tumor cells, the survival times were strikingly prolonged. Furthermore, peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) rich in polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) obtained from normal mice 24 h after CE injection exhibited an antitumor effect in a Winn-type assay using normal recipients. Such an activity of PEC remained almost intact after T cell or macrophage depletion. However, such PEC did not express an antitumor effect in a Winn-type assay using irradiated recipients. It was suggested that CE-induced PEC, presumably PMN, expressed an antitumor effect in cooperation with a host- or recipient-derived element(s) sensitive to irradiation. The anti-tumor mechanism of CE may be different from that of OK-432, one of the biological response modifiers.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Catalona WJ, Ratliff TL, McCool RE, Heston WDW (1981) Role of antibody in cytotoxicity by lymphocytes armed against 253J bladder cancer line. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 66:259
Chapes SK, Haskill S (1983) Evidence for granulocyte-mediated macrophage activation after C. parvum immunization. Cell Immunol 75:367
Chapes SK, Haskill S (1984) Syngeneic effect between neutrophils and Corynebacterium parvum in the process of macrophage activation. Cancer Res 44:31
Davies M, Sabbadini E (1982) Mechanisms of BCG action: I. The induction of nonspecific helper cells during the potentiation of alloimmune cell-mediated cytotoxic responses. Cancer Immunol Immunother 14:46
Dvorak AM, Connell AB, Proppe K, Dvorak HF (1978) Immunologic rejection of mammary adenocarcinoma (TA3-St) in C57BL/6 mice: Participation of neutrophils and activated macrophages with fibrin formation. J Immunol 120:1240
Fisher S, Saffer EA (1978) Tumor cell cytotoxicity by granulocytes from peripheral blood of tumor-bearing mice. J Natl Cancer Inst 60:687
Ghaffar A, Cullen RT, Dunbar N, Woodruff MFA (1974) Antitumor effect in vitro of lymphocytes and macrophages from mice treated with Corynebacterium parvum. Br J Cancer 29:199
Godleski JJ, Lee RE, Leighton J (1970) Studies on the role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in neoplastic disease with the chick embryo and Walker carcinosarcoma 256 in vivo and in vitro. Cancer Res 30:1986
Gresser I, Maury C, Broaty-Boye D (1972) Mechanism of the antitumor effect of interferon in mice. Nature 239:167
Harris PJ (1982) Neutrophil product with lymphocyte activating factor activity. Clin Exp Immunol 50:474
Hibbs JB, Lambert L, Remington J (1972) Possible role of the macrophage-mediated nonspecific cytotoxicity in tumor resistance. Nature New Biol 235:48
Jacobsen F (1981) Complement-dependent in vitro cytotoxicity against autologous invasive bladder tumor cells in human. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scan [C] 89:297
Katano M, Torisu M (1982) Neutrophil-mediated tumor cell destruction in cancer ascites. Am Cancer Soc 50:62
Kirchner H, Muchmore AV, Chused TM, Holden HT, Herberman RB (1975) Inhibiton of proliferation of lymphoma cells and T lymphocytes by suppressor cells from spleens of tumor-bearing mice. J Immunol 114:206
Kojima M, Kasajima T, Imai Y, Kobayashi S, Dobashi M, Uemura T (1973) A new Chlorella polysaccharide and its accelerating effect on the phagocytic activity of the reticuloendothelial system. Recent Adv RES Res 13:101
Korec S, Herberman RB, Dean JH, Cannon GB (1980) Cytostasis of tumor cell lines by human granulocytes. Cell Immunol 53:104
Lake W, Bice D, Schwartz HJ, Salvaggio J (1971) Suppression of in vitro antigen-induced lymphocyte transformation by carrageen-an, a macrophage toxic antigen. J Immunol 107:1745
Miller JF, Brunner KT, Sprent J, Russell PJ, Mitchell GF (1971) Thymus-derived cells as killer cells in cell-mediated immunity. Tansplant Proc 3:915
Murayama T, Natsuume-Sakai S, Ryoyama K, Koshimura S (1982) Studies of the properties of streptococcal preparation, OK-432(NSC-B116209), as an immunopotentiator: II. Mechanism of macrophage activation by OK-432. Cancer Immunol Immunother 12:141
Okamoto K, Suzuki T, Murakami T, Miyata H (1979) A further study on dietary effects on blood pressure and incidence of stroke in SHRSP. Jpn Heart J 20:334
Pickaver AH, Ratcliff NA, Williams AE, Smith H (1972) Cytotoxic effects of peritoneal neutrophils on a syngeneic rat tumor. Nature New Biol 235:186
Sano T, Tanaka U, Watanabe T, Tanaka K, Okuda M (1978) The effect of Chlorella on dietary hypercholesteremia of rats. J Jpn Atheroscler Soc 6:195
Tanaka K, Konishi F, Himeno K, Taniguchi K, Nomoto K (1984) Augmentation of antitumor resistance by a strain of unicellular green-algae: Chlorella vulgaris. Cancer Immunol Immunother 17:90
Vischer TL, Bretz U, Baggiolini M (1976) In vitro stimulation of lymphocytes by neutral proteinases from human polymorphonuclear leukocyte granules. J Exp Med 144:863
Winn HJ (1961) Immune mechanisms in homotransplantation: II. Quantitative assay of the immunologic activity of lymphoid cells stimulated by tumor homografts. J Immunol 86:228
Wright SC, Bonavida B (1983) Studies on the mechanism of natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity: II. Activation of NK cells by interferon augments the lytic activity of released natural killer cytotoxic factors (NKCF). J Immunol 130:2965
Yoshinaga M, Nishime K, Nakamura S, Goto F (1980) A PMN-derived factor that enhances DNA-synthesis in PHA or antigen-stimulated lymphocytes. J Immunol 124:94
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Konishi, F., Tanaka, K., Himeno, K. et al. Antitumor effect induced by a hot water extract of Chlorella vulgaris (CE): Resistance to meth-A tumor growth mediated by CE-induced polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Cancer Immunol Immunother 19, 73–78 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00199712
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00199712